Salinger s The Rye - 1527 Words

Catcher in the Rye is a novel written by J.D Salinger, it follows 17-year-old Holden Caulfield throughout the days following his expulsion from Pencey Prep. The book dives into Holden’s unstable mind as he recounts his story from a rest home, often feeling confused, lost and mad at the world. This underlining theme of teenage angst has become very popular and finds itself in various works of modern day media such as the television show the Fosters. The Fosters follows the story of a similarly troubled but headstrong Callie Jacobs and her journey with her new foster family. These two works of teenage angst share many similarities and differences, especially between Holden and Callie in ways such as how they alienate themselves, their views on the adult world and their want to protect innocence. Throughout Salinger’s novel, Holden is often found alienating himself from society as a form of protection against rejection. This act of self-alienation causes Holden to frequent ly feel lonely and depressed. He yearns for companionship however; his desire causes him to feel immense pain at the slightest form of rejection. For instance, when Holden decided to spend sometime alone New York, before Christmas break, â€Å"the first thing [he] did when [he] got off Penn Station, [he] went into [a] phone booth†¦ [he] thought of giving Jane Gallagher’s mother a buzz †¦ but [he] didn’t feel like it† (Salinger 66). Holden stops himself from calling Jane because he didn’t want to get hurt by theShow MoreRelatedCriticism Of Salinger s The Rye1382 Words   |  6 PagesCRITICISM Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye has been into continuous dispute and controversy since its publication in 1951. Some critics think that Salinger s narrative of the human plight is engrossing and enlightening, yet incredibly depressing. The leading character, Holden Caulfield, serves as the basis for critical discussion due to his psychological conflict. Salinger s portrayal of Holden, which encloses incidents of dejection, nervous breakdown, impulsive spending, sexual exploration, andRead MoreAnalysis Of Salinger s The Rye 1334 Words   |  6 PagesBlake Broussard Yoshiyama 3 A.P. English 3 29 September 2015 The Catcher in the Rye, published in 1951 by J.D. Salinger, has been banned multiple times worldwide because of much controversy surrounding the book’s depiction of underage sex, drinking, profanity, and tobacco use. However, Catcher should be taught in American high schools because the book includes many controversial subjects surrounding teenagers, including depression, suicide, social isolation, and teenage angst, all ofRead MoreSummary Of Salinger s The Rye 2149 Words   |  9 Pagesdanger and risk that constantly encompasses them in our society today. Children are subjected to this world and once they are exposed to the corruption it is difficult to maintain the innocence that they once embodied. In J.D. Salinger’s â€Å"Catcher in the Rye† there is an evident need and desire to preserve a sense of innocence among the characters in a world that lacks innocence. Holden Caulfield, the main character in Salinger’s novel, is a force that tri es to promote the idea of innocence and attemptsRead MoreSalinger s The Catcher s The Rye 1303 Words   |  6 PagesIrving Howe, a literary and social critic said, â€Å"The knowledge that makes us cherish innocence makes innocence unattainable† (BrainyQuote). The Catcher in the Rye, a novel by J.D. Salinger tells of a very important part Holden Caulfield s life. Holden, a 17 year old from New York, writes about the events that follow him flunking out of Pencey Prep School. Holden is very critical of everyone around him, except the small group of people that he protects with his life. He cherishes the youth childrenRead MoreSummary Of Salinger s The Rye 1395 Words   |  6 PagesCatcher in the Rye was written by J.D Salinger in 1951, at a time when American values had forced an entire generation of kids to conform to the standards set by a society that strongly castigated diversity. It stirred up a lot of controversy and criticism because it discussed taboo topics such a s adolescent sexuality and rebelling against societal norms. After World War II, America had become extremely prosperous due to it’s industrial advancement, but the growth of the economy also came with strictRead MoreSalinger s The Catcher s The Rye 1310 Words   |  6 Pagesthings. Technology has advanced tremendously since the 50’s, when Holden was a teenager. Cell phones, laptops, apple watches, flat screen TV’s, electric cars, and so much more exist now. However, there are a few aspects of life that are timeless. Even today, teens struggle with relationships, the quest to find out who they truly are, and the pressure to be the best at everything they do. I believe that The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger is relevant because in today’s society the younger generationRead MoreD. Salinger s The Catcher s The Rye 1872 Words   |  8 Pages J. D. Salinger s novel is often called, . . . the forbidden fruit in the garden of literature (The Catch er 116). J. D. Salinger is a writer from the 1950s, a time where literature has questioned the ideas of traditions placed in a community. Through his life and through his characters Holden Caulfield and Phoebe Caulfield in the 1950s realistic fictional bildungsroman The Catcher in the Rye, the postmodernist author J. D. Salinger focuses on the theme of self isolation in society in orderRead MoreJ.b. Salinger s The Catcher s The Rye 1319 Words   |  6 PagesJ.D. Salinger’s Use of Symbolism in The Catcher in the Rye J.D. Salinger is well known for his works. His most famous being The Catcher in the Rye. Two other of his famous works include Nine stories and Franny and Zooey. J.D Salinger is also well known for his sense of humor that he includes inside of his books. The Catcher in the Rye has become an essential work to be studied in academic literature and its course of study. This book entails many uses of symbolism throughout theRead MoreF. Salinger s The Catcher Of The Rye1121 Words   |  5 Pagesin English-speaking countries, J.D Salinger’s Catcher In The Rye deals with Holden Caulfield’s past trauma which is the triggering factor in his depression, anxiety and alienation. Holden tells an unnamed person what has happened in the three days prior to his mental breakdown. Through Holden’s relatable characteristics and Salinger’s narrative treatment, the book continues to engage audiences across generations. The way that Salinger writes gives the audience a very personal and insightful lookRead MoreAnalysis Of Salinger s The Catcher Rye 3756 Words   |  16 PagesSummer Reading-TASIS 2014 Rising 9th Grade Mainstream English The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger and Fahrenheit 541 by Ray Bradbury Please write a typed or handwritten response (200 words each in the language relevant to your course) to each of the following prompts on each of the works assigned for the course(s) you will be taking in 2014-2015: The Catcher in the Rye Initial Understanding: What are your thoughts and questions about the story? You might reflect upon characters, their

A Reflection On Educational Ideas Essay - 1906 Words

A Reflection on Educational ideas in the Enlightenment Introduction The Enlightenment, an anti-feudal and anti-church ideological liberation movement, took place principally in Europe during the late 17th and early 18th century. The rise of concepts of reason, liberty and the scientific method are characteristics of the Enlightenment. (Live Science, 2016) The Enlightenment covered various fields of knowledge such as science, literature, philosophy, economics, sociology and education. A number of influential thinkers have emerged in the age of Enlightenment. In education, the Enlightenment thinkers John Locke in English and Jean Jacques Rousseau in French wrote foundational texts on educational theory. Both of them laid emphasis on education in children’s early age. Their educational theories affect education not only in their respective period, but also in the modern societies. However, there are some limitations of their educational theories. The reason I am interested in the Enlightenment is because I have found the writings of Rousseau and Locke are interesting and far-reaching. Besides that, some of their theories strike a chord with me and remind me of the experience in my growth process. Rousseau and Emile, or On Education Week 3’s lecture introduced Jean-Jacques Rousseau and his novel Emile, or On Education. Emile is divided into these five books: the first three talk about how to educate the child Emile, the fourth is about an exploration of Emile’s youth, and theShow MoreRelatedAcademic Integrity And Student Plagiarism1622 Words   |  7 Pagesbackground of breaches of academic integrity. Students’ behavior will be described and thoroughly analyzed. This essay will provide an understanding that current educational system itself creates prerequisites for such violations. Nowadays, American students try to subvert the educational system by using plagiarism in essays. The educational system tries to withstand these manifestations of dishonesty by using different methodologies. The first method is psychological reflected in creation of so-calledRead MoreBusiness1053 Words   |  5 Pages3028MKT STRATEGIC MARKETING SIMULATION CRITICAL REFLECTION FEEDBACK Definition Reflective learning is an understanding and a disposition that a student builds across the curriculum and co-curriculum, from making simple connections among ideas and experiences to synthesising and transferring learning to new, complex situations within and beyond the campus. Task The Critical Reflection offers students the opportunity to critically reflect on their learning experiences both in the course and acrossRead MorePersonal Reflection And Development Plan1431 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Reflection and Development Plan Reflective practice has helped many people to improve their learning. It is a valuable tool often used by healthcare and education providers to improve their approach to work by questioning their actions. Throughout my short time spent in Higher Education (HE) I have learned many new aspects of learning like different learning styles and models of reflection and this provides me with an opportunity to look back over these ideas and reflect. This will allowRead MoreActive Experimentation And Its Effects On Reality And The Starting Of The Cycle1116 Words   |  5 Pages like giving learners the opportunity to walk before they can run. For me, simulation is an opportunity to learn how to learn, to train one’s brain to stretch to new knowledge. Kolb raised the issue of educators’ difficulty not on implanting new ideas but on disposing or changing old ones. This difficulty could affect learning by simulation as we are talking about andragogy, about adult learning where learners do not present with a blank mind but with a whole lot of experiences. Active experimentationRead MoreThe Essence Of Dialogue Is The Foundation Of Humanization994 Words   |  4 PagesThe essence of dialogue is the foundation of humanization, it’s a fragment of emotions that when broken down into its constitutive elements reveals two dimensions, action and reflection. Conjointly, when those two dimensions of dialogue are exposed within educational institutions, a world of caring, art, liberation, encounters, and transcendence begins to form the methods of authentic education. Thus, this process can empower an individual with the creative thoughts necessary to deconstruct, andRead MoreThe Examination Of Human History Displays The Connecti on Of Learning And Technology764 Words   |  4 PagesConstructivist Theory The Constructivist theory defined by Harasim (2012) denotes the assembling of ones â€Å"own understanding and knowledge of the world through experience and reflecting upon that experience† (p. 12). At the center of a learners’ educational experience is themselves. Learners erect their own knowledge by deducing and managing the information obtained. The Constructivist theory focus on promoting learning assembled, relative, and incorporated with prior knowledge and experience by theRead MoreAnalysis Of Paulo Freire s Banking Concept Of Education873 Words   |  4 Pages In Paulo Freire’s â€Å"Banking Concept of Education†, he explains his view of the educational system, and the faults within it. Freire describes the educational system as being â€Å"banking education†, which he explains to be the wrong method, and proposes a new method of â€Å"problem-posing† education which he believes to be more effective and just. Freire talks about the â€Å"banking concept of education†, explaining that students in this system are receptacles that are to be filled with the â€Å"content of theRead MoreReflective Practice in the Classroom1629 Words   |  7 Pagescalled â€Å"reflection†, and all professionals have adopted it in order to improve their practice, but for educators reflection involves â€Å"critical thinking† about past experiences or current experiences that occur or are occurring in classroom settings and looking at them in a positive light on how to make improvements for their teaching techniques and smooth the progress of children’s learning. But reflection is not an innovation in teaching, it has its roots in the work of a number of educational theoristsRead Morecomparing relevant theories principles and models of reflective practice965 Words   |  4 Pagespersistent, and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the gr ounds that support it and the further conclusions to which it tends.’ He set out five phases or aspects through which we can see a process of reflection. However using phrases such as phase and stage does give a sense of sequence, a set method and there seems to be no room for interaction or dialogue rather that the teacher reflects individually. Of course, this can be the case we don’t all haveRead MoreJohn Locke s Views On Education879 Words   |  4 Pagesareas of theology, religious toleration, and educational theory. During his services at Shaftesbury, John Locke had been writing. He published all of his most significant works within six years of following his return to England. Locke’s â€Å"Essay Concerning Human Understanding† outlined a theory of human knowledge, identity and selfhood. In his â€Å"Thoughts Concerning Education†, Locke argued for a broadened syllabus and better treatment of students. Ideas that were an enormous influence on Jean-Jacques

The Body Shop International Case Study Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5498 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The Body Shop International (Body Shop) is a multinational company which is mainly producing ecological skin and hair products.The company offers over 1200 naturally produced healthy and beauty products generally target at woman. The products focus is shampoos, conditioners, bath products, soaps and skin creams but also includes fragrance, spa products, and beauty-related accessories. Their products are solely based on natural ingredients and manufactured according to an ethical code which is opposed to animal testing. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Body Shop International Case Study Business Essay" essay for you Create order The cosmetics franchise is considered to be one of the biggest around the globe with a well established reputation in 54 countries. LOreal, the dominant company in the beauty industry, acquired Body shop in 2006. Although Body Shop has become a subsidiary of LOreal S.A it still acts according to its own policy, values and ethical code. The acquisition has solved Body Shops financial problems and has provided the means for expansion to a bigger market share.(1***************) The updations since the case study was written can be summarised as: In 2002 Anita Ruddick launched her own website www.AnitaRoddick.com in 2001 and an activism portal www.TakeItPersonally.org in 2004. At that time number of shops were were1500 Body shop but nowit exceeded over 2500. During 2003 The Body Shop launched a global campaign to raise awareness and funds to help those affected by domestic violence. The Stop Violence in the Home campaign builds on almost a decade of campaigning on the issue in a numbe r of markets, including Canada, the USA, and West Malaysia. The campaign aims to highlight the issue, raise money to support the work of groups. . In 2007 The Body Shop join forces with MTV in a new brand partnership to raise funds and awareness about HIV and AIDS amongst young people, through the Spray to Change campaign. The money raised goes to the Staying Alive Foundation, a charity who fund with grass roots organizations raising awareness and educating young and at-risk groups about HIV and AIDS .(1***************)(2) . Task 2 A brief review and discussion on companys key acheivements and significant changes over the last few years and how the company has adopted to emerging themes like corporate social responsibility ,ethical marketing, globalisation,etc. 800 words Significant Changes: The first The Body Shop store was opened by Anita Rodrick on 26th March 1976 in Brighton, on the south coast of England. It was declared a public company in 1985 and soon after that it created an Environmental Projects Department of its own. The first Community Trade product of The Body Shop was a Footsie Roller which was produced in 1986 by a supplier in southern India. In 2006, as part of the ongoing Stop Violence in the Home and for conducting the study on domestic violence against children, The Body Shop created a partnership with UNICEF and the United Nations Secretary-Generals Study on Violence against Children. The Body Shop becomes part of the LOrà ©al Group and de-listed from the London Stock Exchange on July 12 2006. It operates independently within the LOrà ©al Group and was led by the current management team of The Body Shop. Key acheivements The body shop was the first international cosmetics company to sign up to the Humane Cosmetics Standard, supported by leading international animal protection groups. The Body Shop Values Reports are recognized (1995 1997) as trailblazing by United Nations Environmental Program and Sustainability, and ranked highest in their review of International Corporate Environmental Reports. The Body Shop is the first global retailer to join the Board of the Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil, working with NGOs and plantations to protect tropical rainforests and improve the human rights of workers and indigenous people. The Body Shop is the winner of PETAs Proggy (progress) awards for its ongoing commitment to avoid animal testing. During 2005 The Body Shop was awarded for achieving higher standards of animal welfare in the cosmetic category at the first annual awards of the Royal Society of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in the UK(3***************) Corporate Social responsibility Corporate social responsibility (CSR) or corporate citizenship entails companies behaving in a socially responsible manner, and dealing with other business parties who do the same.It imlpies: An obligation, beyond that required by the law and economics, for a firm to pursue long term goals that are good for society The continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as that of the local community and society at large About how a company manages its business process to produce an overall positive impact on society. The Body Shop is a manufacturer and retailer of naturally inspired, ethically produced beauty and cosmetics products. According to The Body Shop Corporate Social Responsibility website, If business comes with no moral sympathy or honorable code of behaviors, then God help us all. is The Body Shops mantra. Lets discuss few examples to see how does it is applied at Body Shop. a)Sustainable Supply Chain Strategy The Body Shop works with its suppliers to promote socially responsible practices in its supply chain as part of its supply chain strategy. This is part of its wider Framework for Corporate Social Responsibility . The Body Shop launched Community Trade. It is a targeted supply chain strategy to purchase natural ingredients and accessories from socially or economically marginalized communities around the world. It gives these producers access to a market that would otherwise be out of reach and provides a fair and reliable income, as well as a commitment to creating a sustainable business. For example, The Body Shops moisturizing socks produced by a Community Trade Supplier, Craft Aid in Mauritius, provides employment to 160 people, 40% of which have disabilities. b)Engaging the Community through Community-based Projects One approach to engaging in corporate social responsibility is through community-based development projects. An example The Body Shops launch of the 2008 Stop Violence in the Home campaign on the theme of friendship. By providing practical tools to empower women to provide support to friends in need, the campaign aimed to be a source of inspiration and support for millions of women around the world. . The Stop Violence in the Home campaign also raised  £1.9 million by 2008 and reached 56 markets. In each market, all the funds raised were donated to the chosen non-profit charity organization, to help fund vital projects of prevention, support, and protection for women and children. 4) Body Shop and Compaigns The campaign for UK-wide ban on animal testing of cosmetic products and ingredients started in November 1998, and the largest ever petition (four million signatures) being delivered to the European Commission in 1996. Homeless people: The Big issue paper for homeless people began as a The Body Shop Foundation project launching in 1991. Awareness of HIV and AIDS amongst young people: In 2007 The Body Shop joined hands with MTV to raise funds and awareness about HIV and AIDS amongst young people. . Ethical Marketing As a cosmetic retailer, The Body Shop defied most accepted marketing practices. In an industry where 30 cents on every dollar of sales was typically devoted to advertising, the company had no marketing or advertising department. They operate according to criteria, which places more emphasis on human values than on strictly commercial considerations.   Anita Roddick spends most of her time doing the marketing activities such as campaigns and conferences. The Body Shop never advertised in newspapers or magazines because this type of promotion would increase the cost of the product. For The Body Shop, the most effective and useful way of advertising is to use its shops and its staff, as well as using issues awareness, such as Activate Self-Esteem. Example The Body Shop launched a campaign using the Ruby Doll a realistic looking doll to promote real women. They used it in their stores, hosted debates, funded research, and held conferences all related to self-esteem, al l activities that point back to The Body Shop. Anita Roddick said about advertisement Theres no example of anyone doing what were doing in America and making it workÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ Globalization Globalization represents the increasing integration of economics, communications and culture across national boundaries. In todays society, corporations and enterprises are expanding their businesses in the global markets. Globalization is necessary for success and survival in the worldwide market; however, global competition is not easy . For BodyShop the opportunities are in wide array not only on the part of venturing into regions with much income and profit to gain but also an opportunity to share and provide quality products to fashion-conscious people with vogue to fashion lifestyle.Its successful and widely-known corporate culture,its organisational structure,its managements styles and its well-controled and regulated franchise system effectively support the global expansion of Body Shop,under the cosmetic giant LOreal along with its strong brand name,into more isolated , under-deveolped and less developing counbtries in Africa and Asia. Task3 A critical evaluation of limitation and benefits of growing concept and popularity of free market to body shop. A free market is market without economic intervention and interference and regulation by government except to enforce ownership (property rights) and contracts. It is the opposite of a ,controlled market where the government regulates how the means of production, goods, and services are used, priced, or distributed. all markets within it are unregulated by any parties other than those players in the market. A market economy based on supply and demand with little or no government control. A completely free market is an idealized form of a market economy where buyers and sells are allowed to transact freely (i.e. buy/sell/trade) based on a mutual agreement on price without state intervention in the form of taxes, subsidies or regulation. Free markets contrast sharply with regulated markets, in which governments directly or indirectly regulate prices or supplies, which according to free-m arket theory causes markets to be less efficient. Advantageous of free market economy 1. market economies can adjust to change easily( If there is a demand for one thing, companies have the ability to change what they produce instead of having to go through too much government protocol first) 2. Rational self interest in market economies are also encouraged (allow freedom for people to do what they want, make what they want, and, sell what they want -to a certain extent-, this can also be described as being able to decide what is going to be produced , how it is going to be produced and for    whom it is going to be produced). the government tries to stay out of the way of businesses- Although the government sets certain standards businesses must follow- for the most part businesses can do as they please. 3. there is a great variety of goods and services for consumers ( If there is a demand for a good or service, the demand will almost always be met in a market ec onomy). 4. market economy encourage competitive environment, ( competition does encourage innovation, and the free market economy has produced well over a century of dizzying technical progress. At the same time productivity has also increased at a phenomenal rate.    competition is one of the basic reasons why there are generally so many different varieties    of goods    for consumers to choose from . Also Free economy promotes economic innovation in several ways: By spurring product competition among companies in the same line of business By exposing domestic firms to the best new ideas around the world Enabling local firms to import high-technology capital equipment and know-how, so that they can manufacture products and deliver services at lower costs Examples Market economy has come to be accepted as a norm across the world with many developing countries like Africa, India and China moving towards a full-market oriented economy and we have seen the Body Shop ,based on strong ethical and corporate culture,widely benefits from the availablity of free market without compromising its ethical standards and organisational values. .Limitations of Free Market As the government meddles and attempts to control the economy, it causes economic strife. A countries interests arent taken care of, in a free market you vote with your dollars. If there is a russian speaking client base, you learn to speak russian. Doesnt work well for services such as health care. : No goverment involved means some products could be harmful to people It is not as disciplined and secured as regular market. Sometimes this works, but as 2008 is showing, sometimes it doesnt.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Especially in a market-based economy, where people want to make a profit, some unscrupulous folks may enhance their own profit margin at the expense of others, such as the consumer. The tendency toward profit may weaken the self-policing aspects, and the consumer may not receive the best deal. Strategy for Body Shop Although Free market economies have been successful in developed economies, will not be so in developing countries and the only recourse for them is the model of the mixed economy or social market economy. The welfare role of the state is retained in a social market economy which cares for the poor. In cases where the poor countries are striving towards a free market economy, there should be certain segments controlled by the state but with prevalence of free enterprise such that efficiency is restored and the country moves towards economic prosperity. Free market economy under centralized political control is the most effective way for these countries. In a mixed type economy, both the private ownership as well as the state takes part in the means of production, distribution and other types of economic activities.both free-market and regulatory forces are at work.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Some see the se forces as being at odds with each other; others feel that the economy works at its peak when both forces are working together.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Whatever you believe, many countries, including the United States, have both systems at work simultaneously, and the balance between the two dictates how the economy, overall, will trend. In reality, all economies are mixed, though there are wide variations in the amount of mix and the balance between public and private sectors. For example, in Cuba the government allocates the vast majority of resources, while in Europe most economies have an even mix between markets and planning. Economic systems can be evaluated in terms of how efficient they are in achieving economic objectives. ( 5) Free market available on https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Competitive_markets/Economic_systems.html https://www.economywatch.com/market-economy/advantages-market-economy.html https://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/world-economic-ind icators/mixed-economy.htm https://www.blurtit.com/q917361.html l (accessed on 12june 2010) As it has very strong corporate culture ,supply chain management ,community involvements across globe ,effective compaign against poverty and ethical issues,it has the potential to accommodate itself to needs of varing economies,whether free or regulated,or mixed economy, and sucessfully stay competitive. Task 4 Examination and Evaluation of organizational design and structure of Body shop and key management practices: In 2006,The Body Shop becomes part of the LOrà ©al Group . It retains its unique identity and Values and continues to be based in the United Kingdom. It operates independently within the LOrà ©al Group and is led by the current management team of The Body Shop reporting directly to the CEO of LOrà ©al, Jean-Paul Agon. The organizational structureof Body Shop has five basic elements as per Henry Mintzbergs definition of organisation. The Operating Co re: Employees who perform the basic work related to the production of products and services. In The Body Shop the operating core is product design and graphic design and production department. The Strategic Core: Top level Management who are charged with the overall responsibility for the organization. In the case of The Body Shop its CEO and Top Line managers are its strategic core making policies and regulation for the management, execution and control. direction of the organization keeping in mind the factors of organizations reputation, existence, expansion and growth. The Middle Line: Managers, who contact the operating core to the strategic apex. The Techno structure: Analyst who have the responsibility for affecting the certain forms of standardization in the organization e.g. In the case of Body Shop the techno team consists of its IT department, accountant, work scheduler, long range planner. The Support Staff: People who fill the staff unit, who provide indirec t support services for the organization. In the Body shop the following departments are basically main supporting department e.g. Public relation; marketing department including in store staff, warehouse department and distribution department, payroll department(6)(1***************) 6) Organizational Design of the Body Shop: As per the website of organization, the basic design of the Body shop includes the following  [1]  : The Body Shop In store Behind the scene At home Marketing Department including selling staff Production Department Strategic Department Techno Department Product / Graphic design department Warehouse Department Distribution Department source (7) Organization values Business organization are not just for the profit -their resources can be used to promote wider purposes .the inspiration and the set of values associated guide the trading principles of body shop management, which are : They aim to ensure that human and civil rights, as set out in the universal declaration of human rights, are respected throughout their business activities. They will support ling term, sustainable relationship with communities in need. They will use environmentally sustainable resources wherever technically and economically viable They will promote animal protection throughout their business activities and in many ways The overall corporate culture and marketing stategies of Body Shop support these ethical values. Body Shop organizational structure and global expansion The Body Shop operates within a regional divisional structure. Centralized head offices in the United Kingdom (London and Littlehampton) mai ntain global corporate and support functions. The company is then divided into four regions: UK and the Republic of Ireland (ROI), the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, and South Africa, and Asia Pacific. Within each region are both company-owned stores and franchises as outlined. The divisional nature of the structure allows regional managers to focus efforts on improving operations in the (regions) for which they are responsible and the corporate officers can devote their time to overall strategic issues for the entire corporation (Dess G., 2006, p. 297). . This structure helps to accommodate rapid expansion . Within the divisional structure and critical to TBSs international expansion strategy is master franchising, whereby the franchisor (TBS) grants the master franchisee (the regional division) the right to franchise the franchisors concept to others within an exclusive territory, creating a tripartite agreement. (Doherty, 1999) By appointing a head franchisee in each major national market,Roddick was able to concentrate on the development of new productlines and the companys global vision, rather than worry about the complexities of administration or personnel management (HBR p. 4). Under this structure, there is a free-flow of information between headquarters and regions, however the regional divisions become responsible for providing information and monitoring the sub-franchisees. It also allows Body Shop head office to focus on corporate strategic issues. (8)(1***************) Stakeholder culture Its stakeholder culture is its core competence. This culture includes everything from commitment to the community, to the environment and to the protection of animals. The use of stakeholder consultation in combination with public reporting is a great way to assure that that organization is maintaining their commitment of delivering value to the stakeholders. 9) (1***************) Task 5 Discuss entrepreneurship and leadership s tyle of founder,Anita Roderick. 500 Words Anita roddick- entrepreneur An entrepreneur is one who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business or enterprise. Entrepreneurs live in the future. They have creative personalities, are innovative, and thrive on change. Anita Roddick is certainly a great entrepreneur. Everything that embodies her exploits involves education and change.()-definition. Entrepreneurs have a vision of something new and they want to see how far it can go. Entrepreneurs find the best way of pushing ideas along. Entrepreneurs use money to oil the wheels of success. Entrepreneurship has three parts, the person, the idea and the resources For example her trade not aid has invaluable consequences for nations and people around the world. But that is what entrepreneurs do! Entrepreneurs make change. Lets discuss few qualities of Anita as an entrepreneur. control Factor She prefered environments where they have maximum authority and respon sibility and do not work well in traditionally structured organizations. Like Entrepreneurs she had a need to create and achieve by having control over events.it is important as it helps demonstrate the self-determination of an organisation, which helps determine a higher rate of entrepreneur activity. Risk Taking Entrepreneurs are determined to engage in risky actions in order to come up with new prospects.Likewise she has the courage and the persistence to engage in her venture, even without the assurance of succeeding.. It may look like she is taking high risks, but in actuality she had assessed the risks thoroughly. Entrepreneurs value system The third personal factor is the entrepreneurs value system, which entails examination, understanding of ones place in the society, and the individuals idea about persons and things . They have a never-ending sense of urgency to do something. This corresponds with a high energy level.This includes the perception and the achievem ent motivations of the entrepreneur, for their values determine their attitude towards their dedication with their work. Entrepreneurs problem solving style Innovation and problem solving capabilities are expected to be the core of the entrepreneurial capability of an entrepreneur, for they are faced with a number of challenges as they try to implement new ideas and solve problems, so their innovativeness counts. This helps entrepreneurs identify relationships in complex situations. Chaos does not bother them because they can conceptualize order. Problems are quickly identified and solutions offered. Employees/Environment Most businesses focus all the time on profits, profits, profitsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦I have to say I think that is deeply boring.I want to create an electricity and passion that bonds people to the company.(Anita Roddick) she always strived hard to provide and maintain healthy cultures, where employees felt the belief that they are part of an exciting future.They come to work with a fire inside them, a result of clearly stated leadership and business practices that everyone explicitly understands.Every person in the company knows how to individually contribute to its future.As an great entrpreneur Anita Selected Staff that Support the Vision of the Corporation. Corporate Governance-Anitas Decision -making As part of the efficient qualities of Roddick entrepreneurship, the Body Shop is actually considering the concept of effective corporate governance as their competitive advantage.Anita Roddick, as head of the decision-making body of the company, created a good system not only in selling their products but also in maintaining expressive relationship to their overall stakeholders. The Board of Body Shop has been able to attain complete control of all matters regarding the company. Their self-perseverance and obligation to their duties and finally, their obedience to the company laws all contribute to the developm ent of the corporation. The Boards authority is clearly recognised within the company. And because of this, it is able to have a solid grip on the corporations actual operations, stakeholders and its financial concerns. Clearly, these facts prove the strength of the companys corporate governance structure which is actually reflection of entrepreneur skills of Anita Roddick. External factors culture, role models, work experience, education, and environment also contribute to make great entrepreneur. .Anita Roddicks educational and professional career is fine instance in this regard. These factors determine the success in business ventures by its interaction and interrelation, which brings good effects to the company . Continous Strategic growth and strong brand name of body shop is clear example of Anita s skills as an entrepreneur.(10) Conclusion Dame Anita Roddick deserves the praises for her exemplary performance as an entrepreneur. She has become successful beca use of the clear goals that she wants her Body Shop to have and attain. In her case, risk undertaking, creativity and being innovative, and beliefs, are the factors that made her a successful entrepreneur. The first step is not to succeed in the marketplace, but to enter the marketplace with a strong identity. The Body Shop is just somebodys body shop. Now, it is everybody elses body shop. From product development to human resource management, The Body Shop has been described as innovative, daring, and even radical. But there is no question it was successful. (HBR p. 4) Task6 A discussion on Body shops position in contemporary era-(discuss in relation to globalisation,emerging management theories,significant internal changes and emerging roles of free market. 800 words. Body Shop has various competitors in cosmetic industry such as Proctor and Gamble, Unilever, Shiseido, LOreal, Avon , Revlon Boots ,Nectar ,Bath Body Works, Origins, and Aveda etc. Lets use follwi ng competitive business model to analyse Body Shops competitive environment as general view. Please see Appendex for Porters Five Forces Industry Competitive Analysis 6.1)SWOT Analysis The SWOT analysis helps to identify major factors in the internal and external environment of a company. A SWOT analysis of Body Shop identifies areas on which the company needs to focus on in order to improve company performance, so that we analysis and see the various stages of the SWOT analysis. Strengths Brand Loyalty Body Shop is greatly dependent on its brand reputation which is a critical factor in sales. Due to its unique products, it has come out to be seen as one of the most environmentally friendly retailers. LOreals support LOreals experience in advertisement,global brand development,investment capital and marketing can boost overall sales. Community Trade -TBS sources low-cost raw material from disadvantaged communities worldwide. As commitment to this program incre ase, the company will be able to capitalize on these cost savings and value creating activities. Global Position -TBS is located in 55 countries worldwide, reducing its exposure to market risks in one region. Due to this company in a good position and take advantages of growth opportunities in and around these region while increased global awareness of the company. Niche marketing Body Shop targets a niche market. By stating that it is not testing its products on animals and by appearing to have an ecological profile, it has appealed to customers with ethical issues. Being the only shop in the shopping centre that sells ecological products, has given it advantage in the local market. Charity support Body Shop provides financial aid in charities by giving small amount of money. Management-it has very focused management and staff due to effective corporate culture. Weaknesses Operation Cost- A decline in profitability was experienced in 2006, due to inefficient inv entory supply management and increasing operating costs as a result of reorganization and franchise. Given the growth of the organization and its recent restructuring, it is critical for The Body Shop to focus on improving operational efficiency.   Reducing inventory holdings and improving efficiencies within the supply chain are a great place to start in the context. Untrust on LOreal- Body Shop ,unlike LOreal, has very strict policy on no animal testing for cosmetic products whci create potential environment of mistrust about new policy of LOreal after its acquiring of Body Shop. This indicated a loss of market share within this strategic regions. this decline is likely to be the backlash of TBSloyal consumers to the change in ownership. That is the weakness in future.Body Shop has to make sure it values and environmental policies should be observed along with LOreal. Opportunities Expanding market Emerging market in developing countries with the increase in consu mers spending in developing countries, large markets with high population are emerging in the Russian and Jordanian markets and can now focus on other growing markets in countries such as Pakistan, China and India. The growth potential of these markets is what is driving the growth of entire industry. Male Segmentation- with the growing number of men interested in health and beauty productsthere is expanding tendency for Male grooming products . For example In 2006 the total market for male grooming products reached to $3 billion .This segment has a great potential if the trends continue. They increase products access to customers, increasing awareness, sales.and profits. Internet Channel- As consumers become more engaged on the internet and with direct sales, LOreal has the opportunity to expand these channels to their fullest capacity through introducing them in new and emerging markets. Threats LOreal different values-As a top performer in CT industry, LOreal is known to support various activities that are not in-line with TBSs values, such as using ingredients tested on animals. The takeover of TBS by LOreal has cause some supporters to feel that TBSs values no longer represents their own and they will therefore not support the company anymore. This causes a backlash and resulted in declined sales and profit. Price- Market may become price sensitive.if price is major driving factor for consumer buying behaviour then Body Shop has to revise its pricing strategy to stay in competition because its product prices are comaparatively higher . More Competition-Market segment growth could attract major competion.the wider competition is in the market is always threat to Body Shop both domestically and internationally.so it has to stay one step ahead of its competitors in terms of product design and customer satisfaction. (11)(1***************) Management Styles at Body Shop Staff Motivation Most businesses focus all the time on profits, profits, profitsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦I have to say I think that is deeply boring. I want to create an electricity and passion that bonds people to the companyAnita Roddick (HBR p. 6) The Body Shop has healthy culture,its employees arent kept in the dark; rather they are supported in the belief that they are part of an exciting future. They come to work with a fire inside them, a result of clearly stated leadership and business practices that everyone explicitly understands. Every person in the company knows how to individually contribute to its future. It has the environment where management encourage staff to ask questions to find better working methods, encourage debate. It is always supportive of new ideas which th keeps people interested and innovative. Such culture involve staff in decision making and it make heroes of employees who personify what company wants to see. It encourages to promote 2 way assessments staff to managers and managers to staff. And it helps to ensure staff that they are not a lone voice. Allow them to grow. Hiring Staff The Body Shop select Staff that Support the Vision of the Corporation .It looks for people who have energy and curiosity. They should be able to take information and run with it. It always aims to employ big people with big thinking and big ideas. Employ people that will fit in. General environment at Body Shop Guiding people to the source of their own power. Creating a commitment to common goals and shared values. Weaving social and environmental dimensions into the fabric of the company. There is a tangible sense of euphoria. There is a sense of real energy about the place. There is a sense of joyful amateurism and fun. There is a sense of caring, family and community. (12) Such management styles and healthy corporate culture transform and motivate employees to produce best individual results which contibute to organisational growth and success.they are no more ordinary staff and people ;they are passionate and highly charge team-members contributing organisational sucess,both locally and globally.So,we see from a single shop opening in Brighton in 1976 has sprung hundreds of franchises throughout the world. Anita sees the responsibility of business as being supportive to the community both locally and globally. References 1) 2) 3) 4)Corporate responsibility available on, https://social-corporate-responsibility.suite101.com/article.cfm/corporate-social-responsibility-at- the-body-shop(accessed on 8th june 2010) ( 5)Free market available on https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Competitive_markets/Economic_systems.html https://www.economywatch.com/market-economy/advantages-market-economy.html https://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/world-economic-indicators/mixed- economy.htm https://www.blurtit.com/q917361.html (accessed on 8th june 2010) (6)Organisational structure on, https://www.provenmodels.com/22((accessed on 18th june 2010) 7) 8) 9) 10)Entrepreneurs Hall of Fame: Anita Roddick, https://www.ltbn.com/hall_of_fame/Roddick.html https://www.mission-coach.co.uk/pages/belief_model_leadership_anita_roddick.asp Roddick, Anita. Interview. The Entrepreneurial Mindset. 04 Sept. 2007 https://www.cwerty.com/members.asp. (accessed on 6th june 2010) 11) 12)Leadership styles available on, https://www.mission-coach.co.uk/pages/belief_model_leadership_anita_roddick.asp Hamm, John. The Five Messages Leaders Must Manage. Harvard Business Review (2006): 1-9. (accessed on 26th May 2010) Source: Henry Mintzberg, Structure in Five: Designing effective organization, Page 279; Book Organizational Theory (Third edition) Stephen P. Robbins Anita Roddick. Business the Ultimate Resource. Cambridge: Perseus, 2002. 1134-1135. Bateman, Thomas S., and Scott Snell. Management Leading and C ollaborating in a Competitive World. Boston: McGraw Hill, 2007. Roddick, Anita. Business as Unusual. Chichester: Anita Roddick Books, 2005. Roddick, Anita. Interview. The Power of the Story. 04 Sept. 2007 https://www.cwerty.com/members.asp. https://news.bbc.co.uk/l/hi/business/4815776.stm https://www.ltbn.com/hall_of_fame/Roddick.html https://www.thebodyshop.com/companycasestudy/naomaarron https://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/the_body_shop/ https://www.bodyshop.com/global/index.asp https://social-corporate-responsibility.suite101.com/article.cfm/corporate-social-responsibility-at-the-body-shop

Why Homosexual Marriage Is Harmful And Must Be Opposed

The article I will be deconstructing is so pleasantly and simply titled, â€Å"10 Reasons Why Homosexual ‘Marriage’ is Harmful and Must be Opposed†. I’d like to preface my paper with this: It was posted and written by FTP Student Action, a fundamentally conservative student organization. Many of their statements are based on biblical teachings and beliefs. As such, many of the arguments presented are subjective and perceived validity will vary with one’s religious standpoint. The primary claim is that homosexual marriage is morally, socially, and biologically wrong. Each supporting statement is separated into list format, so the connecting thread ended up being a bit disjointed. Collectively the argument appears deductive, though unsound. It†¦show more content†¦Given these two statements, it is concluded that a union of two of the same gender would not constitute a real marriage. This would be considered an appeal to tradition fallacy. Saying that something must be done a certain way because it’s always been done that way does not mean that it is the true or right thing to do. Next, they argue that homosexual relations are a violation of natural law. It’s stated that marriage â€Å"is a relationship rooted in human nature and thus governed by natural law†. This would be engaging in an appeal to nature fallacy: a tactic in which it is proposed that a thing is good because it is natural , or bad because it is unnatural . It is also untrue. Marriage is an not an institution ingrained in natural law- it is a societal construct that has no empirical definition other than what society has decided it to be. It is then claimed that non-hetero families raise children â€Å"deprived of either his natural mother or father†. They make the analogy that there are â€Å"evident difficulties faced by the many children who are orphans or are raised by a single parent, a relative, or a foster parent.† This could be considered a false analogy due to the fact that in most homosexual families there is not just one parent involved in raising the child. The writer uses these cases to conclude that â€Å"same-sex ‘marriage’ ignores a child’s best interests†,

Uncommon Article Gives You the Facts on Term Papers Writing Services That Only a Few People Know Exist

Uncommon Article Gives You the Facts on Term Papers Writing Services That Only a Few People Know Exist Term Papers Writing Services - the Story If you desire writers of papers that are committed and who will assist you with quality papers, speak to our company which will offer you custom paper writer. You may now quit panicking as our paper writers are also there to aid you to finish your assignment in time. For instance, the paper writers aren't able to compose academic papers using MLA and Chicago. Our institution's paper writers can write all sorts of custom papers from scratch because they are highly creative and skilled. The qualification of a paper writer is set by several things. Thus, the paper writer should have additional skills to increase preventability of the paper. The expression paper writer should know firstly the proper way of writing the paper. Our essay paper writer will allow you to satisfy any deadline however impossible it may appear to you. Term paper writing can cause a lot of tension and headache. Writing a non-plagiarised term paper is a hard undertaking. You've got to compose several academic papers over the duration of a year. Finally, pre-written term papers are just unethical and immoral. When you purchase our write my term paper services that you receive papers which were written from scratch to guarantee originality. Delivering custom term papers isn't that easy. Finding somewhere to order it may be difficult. Come to us when you require a personalized paper whether it's an academic or non academic paper and you'll discover an excellent paper written through an excellent papers writer. If you wish to make an order with a specific company, you can get in touch with the help desk to begin with to observe how they respond. In such situations, it's rather natural to check through various sites and choose one or two that you feel are the very best. As any other students, you're probably going to choose the service that provides low rates and wonderful discounts. There are a great deal of online writing services out there, and it would not be possible to cover all them here. The Little-Known Secrets to Term Papers Writing Services The custom writing company ough t to have an internet system. Since you may have already guessed, it isn't that easy to locate a cheap customized term paper writing service out there. So, you may rest assured your term paper service is going to be delivered by means of a pro. Indeed, a term paper service is simply like its writers, and that means you will need to locate a high quality service. The topic you select for your technology papers ought to be interesting and ought to concentrate on your field of interest. If you are searching for a term paper help, you desire an expert researcher who knows the way to meet all the needs of your institution. There are different kinds of technology papers. Term papers are a sort of research papers in which they will learn to do research on a particular topic, what headings ought to be included in the term papers in line with the topic and the way the findings of a research paper can be interpreted by the students. Experienced term paper writers are affordable and t hey're able to help you acquire the information that you will need for your topic. If you have opted to get started writing all on your own, you always have the option to order term paper editing services at our site. Thus, in the event you google write my term paper for me and our website is what you've found, then you're on a suitable track, and we are here in order to cover your back. A theatre term paper has to be written in an official style, in the very first person A short and intriguing title should be set on top, enables to deliver the entire significance of the expression paper issue. The Basic Facts of Term Papers Writing Services Writing a high school paper is not a tough task. It is a useful skill to have, but it's not mandatory for all professions. Term papers are now an essential portion of the curriculum either it's a school level, college level or university level. A Secret Weapon for Term Papers Writing Services The expression paper writing must be accomp lished with a step-by-step procedure and before hand work about this issue. In addition, it is irrelevant if you are searching for the professional resume writing services or research paper writers you're going to be able to locate all information you have to make the right choice at a single location. If you're just like me and seem to get started working on the expression paper a couple of days before the deadline, you will adore the guide. Thus the very first and best thing you want to think about while selecting a term paper writing service is make sure the website has an excellent reputation within the writing industry.

Sterilization of Water Free Essays

Project Report – Determination of the Dosage of Bleaching Powder Required for Sterilization of Different Samples of Water CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. GENERAL METHODS USED 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Sterilization of Water or any similar topic only for you Order Now THEORY 4. REQUIREMENTS 5. PROCEDURE 6. OBSERVATION TABLES 7. CALCULATIONS 8. RESULT 9. CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION Water is the major constituent of all living beings. Water necessary to sustain all types of life. The water used for drinking purpose by human beings should full the following conditions : 1. It should be colourless. 2. It should not possess any smell. 3. It should contain any harmful dissolved salts such as nitrates, mercury salts, lead salts. 4. It should not be contain any living organism such as algae, fungus, bacteria etc. Sterilization of Disinfection of Water In order to obtain water for drinking purpose, water is first treated with alum whereby clay and other colloidal particles go precipitated the suspended impurities are then removed by filtration and the clear water obtained is subjected to some suitable treatment to destroy harmful germs and bacteria. These bacteria cause many dangerous disease such as cholera, thyroid, dysentery, tuberculosis, diphtheria etc. The process of killing the harmful bacteria by some suitable treatment of water is called STERILIZATION of DISINFECTION OF WATER. The common sterilizer agents are chlorine, ozone, bleaching powder, potassium per magnate chloramines. Sterilization of water through bleaching powder gives chlorine and if it is in excess, it is harmful for health and causes diseases like chlorawis, unconsciousness etc. So here we determine the exact amount of bleaching powder used of required for the sterilization of given samples of water. General Methods of Sterilizing Water There are many methods of sterilizing water but the best is one which gives sample of water which is totally free from germs. Sometimes potassium per magnate is used to disinfect water but it is not for drinking as it gives red colour and the excess of it is in harmful for health. We use dissolve in water, so it can not be used in large scale. Another method for disinfection is by simply boiling the water for about 15 minutes, but this powder. The chemical action of bleaching powder on germs and bacteria is due to the chlorine which becomes available, when it is added to water. So here in the present context, we shall focus on disinfection of water using bleaching powder. Theory Objective :  Our objective of this project is to determine the amount of bleaching powder required for the sterilization of given samples of water. So certain steps are taken in the context as follows :- 1- A known mass of the given samples of bleaching powder is dissolved in water to prepare a solution of known concentration. This solution contains dissolved chlorine, liberated by the action of bleaching powder with water. CaOCl2  + H2O ——————- Ca(OH)2  + Cl2 – The amount of chlorine present in the above solution is determined by treating a known volume of the above solution with excess of 10% potassium iodide solution, when equivalent amount of iodine is liberated. The iodine, thus liberated is then estimated by titrating it against a standard solution of sodium thiosulphate using starch solution as indicator. Cl2  + 2KI â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 2KCl + I2 I2  + 2Na2S2O3  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ Na2S4O6  + 2NaI 3- A known volume of one of the given samples of water is treated with a known volume of bleaching powder solution. The amount of residual chlorines is determined by adding excess potassium iodine solution and then titrating against standard sodium thio-sulphate solution. 4- From the reading in 2 and 3, the amount of chloring and hence bleaching powder required for the disinfection of a given volume of the given sample of water can be calculated. Requirements for the Experimental Determination Requirements are as follows : Apparatus : 1. Burette 2. Titration Flask 3. 500 ml measuring flask 4. 100 ml Graduated Cylinder 5. 250 ml Measuring flask 6. 1lt. Measuring flask 7. Glazed Tile 8. Glass Wool. Chemicals : 1. Bleaching powder -5gm. 2. Na2SO4—-12. 4 gm. 3. KI – 25gm. 4. Different Sample of Water 5. Distilled Water 6. Soluble starch – 1gm. 7. Indicator – Starch Solution. Procedure : 1- Preparation of N/20 Na2SO4  solution : Take 12. 4 gm of sodium thio-sulphate hydrated and mix it in about 500ml of water then the mixture is diluted to make the volume 1000ml. or 1lt. Normality = strength/Molecular Mass. = 12. 4 / 248 = 1/20N 2- Preparation of 10%KI solution: Take 25gm. of KI powder and mix it in about 100ml of water then dilute the mixture to make the volume 250 ml and take it in the measuring flask. – Preparation of Bleaching Powder solution : Weight 5gm of bleaching powder and mix it in about 200 ml of distilled water in a conical flask. Stopper the flask and shake it vigorously. The suspension thus obtained is filtered through glass wool in measuring flask of 500ml. and dilute the filtrate with water to make the volume 500 ml. The solution of obtained is 1% bleaching powder of solution. 4- Preparation of starch solution : Take about 1gm of soluble starch and 10 ml of distilled water in a test table mix vigorously to obtain a paste. Pour the paste in about 100ml. of hot water contained in a beaker with constant stirring. Boil the contents for 4-5min. and then allow to cool. 5- Take 100ml. of distilled of water and then 20ml of bleaching powder of solution in a stopper conical flask and add it 20ml of 10% KI solution. Shake the mixture, titrate this solution against N/20 Na2S2O3 Solution taken in burette. When solution in the conical flask becomes light yellow in colour add about 2ml of starch solution as indicator. The solution now becomes blue in colour. The end point is disappearance of blur colour, so continue titrating till the blue colour just disappears. Repeat the titration to get a set of three readings. – Take 100ml of water sample in a conical flask and add 20ml of KI solution and stopper the flask. Shake it and titrates against N/20 Na2S2O3  until the solution become yellow. Then add 2ml of starch solution and then again titrate till the blue colour disappears. Repeat titration for three readings. 7- Repeat the step 6 with other samples of water and records the observation. Observ ation Table Titration : I * Volume of distilled water taken 100ml * Volume of bleaching powder sol. taken 20ml * Volume of KI solution added 20ml Burette Reading Sr. No. | Initial| Final| Final Vol. of 0. 2N Na2S2O3  sol. used| 1. | 1. ml| 0. 9ml| 7. 7ml| 2. | 0. 9ml| 16. 6ml| 7. 7ml| 3. | 16. 6ml| 24. 0ml| 7. 7ml| Titration : II * Volume of water sample I taken 100ml * Volume of bleaching powder sol. added 20ml * Volume of KI solution added 20ml Burette Reading Sr. No. | Initial| Final| Final Vol. of 0. 2N Na2S2O3  sol. used| 1. | 10. 1 ml. | 16. 2 ml. | 6. 1 ml. | 2. | 16. 2 ml. | 22. 3 ml. | 6. 1 ml. | 3. | 22. 3 ml. | 28. 4 ml. | 6. 1 ml. | Titration : III * Volume of water sample I taken 100ml * Volume of bleaching powder sol. added 20ml * Volume of KI solution added 20ml Burette Reading Sr. No. | Initial| Final| Final Vol. of 0. 2N Na2S2O3  sol. sed| 1. | 8. 9 ml. | 14. 1 ml. | 5. 2 ml. | 2. | 14. 1 ml. | 19. 3 ml. | 5. 2 ml. | 3. | 19. 3 ml. | 14. 5 ml. | 5. 2 ml. | Tit ration : IV * Volume of water sample I taken 100ml * Volume of bleaching powder sol. added 20ml * Volume of KI solution added 20ml Burette Reading Sr. No. | Initial| Final| Final Vol. of 0. 2N Na2S2O3  sol. used| 1. | 16. 1 ml. | 21. 6 ml. | 5. 5 ml. | 2. | 21. 1 ml. | 27. 1 ml. | 5. 5 ml. | 3. | 27. 1 ml. | 32. 6 ml. | 5. 5 ml. | Calculations : Sample I (TAP WATER) Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100ml of water samples I. = (7. 7 – 6. 1) ml of 0. 2 N of Na2S2O3  solution. 1. 6ml. 1ml of bleaching powder solution contains bleaching powder =5/500 = 0. 01gm. 20ml of bleaching powder solution = 7. 7ml of 0. 2N of Na2SO4 So 1ml of Na2S2O3  solution = 20/7. 7 ml of bleaching powder solution. Volume of bleaching powder solution used to disinfect 100ml of water = 1. 6 x 20/7. 7ml. 1. 6 x 20/7. 7 ml. of bleaching powder solution =1. 6 x 20 x 0. 01 gm / 7. 7 =  0. 4156 gm Calculations : Sample II (POND WATER) :- Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100ml o f water. = (7. 7 – 5. 2) ml of 0. 2 N Na2S2O3  solution = 2. 5ml 1ml of bleaching powder solution contains bleaching powder = 0. 1 gm. 7. 7ml. of 0. 2N Na2S2O3  = 20ml of bleaching powder solution So 1ml of Na2S2O3  = 20ml. of bleaching powder solution. Volume of CaoCl2  solution required to disinfect 100ml of water. = 2. 5 x 20/7. 7 ml. 2. 5 x 20/7. 7 ml. of bleaching powder solution. = 2. 5 x 20 x 0. 01 gm / 7. 7 of bleaching powder Amount of bleaching powder required to disinfect 1 let. of water. = 2. 5 x 20 x 0. 01 x 1000 / 7. 7 x 100 = 25 x 2/7. 7 =  0. 6493 gm. Calculations : Sample III (TANK WATER) :- Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100ml of water. = (7. 7 – 5. 5 ) = 2. 2ml of 0. 2 N of Na2S2O3  solutions. ml of bleaching powder solution contains bleaching powder. = 5/500 = 0. 01gm 7. 7 ml. of 0. 2 N Na2S2O3  = 20ml of bleaching powder solution. so 1ml of 0. 2 N Na2S2O3  solution = 20/7. 7 ml volume of bleaching powder solution used to disinfect 100ml of water = 2. 2 x 20/7. 7 ml. 2. 2 x 20/7. 7 ml of bleaching powder solution = 2. 2 x 20 x 0. 01 gm / 7. 7 of bleaching powder Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 1 ltr. of water = 2. 2 x 20 x 0. 01 x 1000 / 7. 7 x 100 = 22 x 2/77 =  0. 5714gm Results Amount of the given samples of bleaching powder required to disinfect one liter of water :- Samples I = 0. 4156 Samples II = 0. 6493 Samples III = 0. 5714 Thus we get the amount required for disinfection and if bleaching powder is taken less than this amount water will remain impure and if it taken in excess than this will also be harmful as it will contain chlorine. The results shows that Samples II is the imputes water as the amount of bleaching powder requires is maximum and Sample I is less impure than others as the bleaching powder used is minimum. The tables also show the difference. Titration III has minimum reading because of impurities and titration I has maximum reading because the sample was distilled water. Conclusion : This is the convenient method of sterilizing water. It leaves no impurities and its harmful effect if bleaching powder is taken in right amount. In this way we can calculate the amount of bleaching powder required for any sample of water and then take it in large amount if the water is to be disinfected in large scale as in water works. And thus the only cause of using bleaching powder to disinfect water instead of any other method is this that it kills all germs and bacteria due to its chemical action and provides us a pure sample of water to use for all purpose. How to cite Sterilization of Water, Papers

Accounting Theory and Auditing Research

Questions: 1. The background to and meaning of integrated reporting? 2. Arguments for and against focusing on integrated reporting; What are the costs and benefits of doing so? 3. Assuming integrated reporting is chosen as a viable option - How should this new area be marketed to clients? What exactly are the types of services that might be offered; What are the type of skills and training the staff employed in it would require? 4. Should the accounting practice consider embedding integrated reporting policies more firmly in its own business? Answers: Introduction: Integrated reporting encourages a consistent and well-organized approach to corporate reporting which aspires to develop the quality of the information obtainable to providers of financial capital so that they can perform more proficient and creative distribution of capital. The integrated reporting is based on the long-term vision in which integrated thinking is entrenched in the conventional trade practice (De Villiers, Rinaldi and Unerman 2014). Integrated reporting is implemented in both the public and private divisions assisted by integrated corporate reporting norms. 1. Integrated Reporting Overview The main objective of integrated reporting is to give detailed providers of monetary capital on how an organisation develops worth over time. An integrated report is beneficial to the stakeholders who are involved in an organisation with the capability to produce value over time. These include employees, customers, suppliers, trade partners, local communities, legislators, regulators and policy makers. The international integrated reporting framework considers the principle-based approach. The basic intention is to create a balance amid the elasticity and direction, which identifies the wide differences in individual state of affairs of diverse organisations (Flower 2015). This enables a adequate level of comparability across the organisations in order to assemble the pertinent information needs. It does not sets down the definite key performance pointers, measurement procedures and the revelation of individual matters. It only includes a small figure of requirements, which needs to be applied prior to an integrated report being in conformity with the structure. An integrated report can be prepared in respect to the present conformity obligation, which may be either separate report or may be incorporated in the form of discernible prominent report. It must be included transitionally to explain the basis of the report by those charged with supremacy by accommodating the accountability of statement. Fundamental concepts: The major objective of integrated report is providing an close look into the capital and relations used and by the organisation. They are collectively referred in the form of capital under this framework. The concept of integrated reporting aims to explanation on how an organisation interacts within the external environment (Crowther 2016). It also considers the capitals which is used to produce value over the short, medium and long-term. Capitals are represented in the form of stock of values which increases, decreases or transforms through the help of actions and outputs of the organisation. It is generally categorized under this frame in the form monetary, manufactured, intellectual human, communal and natural capital. It is noteworthy to denote that organisation developing an integrated report is not under the obligation to adopt such classification or to configure their reporting concerning lines of the capitals. The capability of an organisation to develop value for itself enables them to generate monetary returns to the providers of the fiscal capital. This is correlated with the value that the companies develop for its stakeholders ranges upon the performance, communications and relationships (Adams 2015). When these are important to the companys ability, it helps in creating value for its self, which is included in the incorporated report. The purpose of integrated reporting structure is to set up the directi ng principles and fundamentals of content, which rules the overall content of an integrated report. Integrated reporting identifies the information which is to be included in the integrated report with the objective of using it to assess the organisations ability to create value. 2. Arguments for implementing integrated reporting: According to the management perspective implementation of integrated reporting is based on the adoption of integrated thinking. Implementing integrated reporting will enable corporations to gain from the superior information and data accessibility with superior decision support system providing an additional holistic vision of the corporation. These insights help in looking ahead with resonance tactical decision making. Risk management can be made superior by making prominence interdependencies under the value procedure (Haller 2016.). An increased level of lucidity can lead to improved appraisal of opportunities and risk thereby, this may enable the management to find easily align tactical objectives. Businesses generally report transformed forms of admiration with better interior understanding of the worth procedure along with the employee recognition by the organisation. By revealing value drivers and assessing the value chain, individuals are better able contribute in each functions which is not only highlighted but also appreciated. Internal reporting provides holistic presentation of the organisation by linking the capitals and this in turn provides explanation to the value drivers for stakeholders (Frias et al. 2014). The status of integrated reporting acts a pioneer in combining the increased transparency, which helps in improving the public image of the business with improved stakeholders trust along with investors trust. Arguments against implementing integrated reporting: Arguments against implementing integrated reporting consist of the internal confrontation by the individual departments and individual employees. These resistances mainly include struggle to changes arising out of execution. Another downward side that is identified is higher cost and resources requirement at each stage of business generally due to the short of practice and an enlargement of guidelines. This is generally applicable during the first year of functioning and depends upon how the procedure looks like and whether or not integrated reporting is used to make more efficient reporting (Eccles and Krzus 2014). Therefore, greater resource competence and reformation of the procedure is one of the major advantage once the integrated reporting is effectively implemented. In order to avoid complications, managers must need to sustain the thought of integrated reporting with its successive modifications and sufficient management skills to administer the alteration process. In additio n to this, a better level of lucidity leads to potentially fresh risk for the organisation because of the revelation of negative and equivalent accountabilities (Stubbs and Higgins 2014). An integrated report can help in optimising the reporting such as it helps in enabling numerous subdivisions to work together on an interdisciplinary level by sharing data and creating synergies. Integrated reporting can help in broadening the perceptions and gaining facts of the overall business for diverse departments. One of the positive results of the implementation procedure is reinforcing the internal dialogue further than the boundaries of department (Deegan 2013). Implementing the integrated reporting framework helps in enhancing the efficiency resources with fiscal, sustainability and governance reports are combined by taking into the consideration the manufacturing and allocation costs. Operational decision-making procedure are accelerated because of enhanced reliability in individual reports upon the value chain of the corporation. The integrated report helps in facilitating external communication by providing dependable tool application to large number of stakeholders by disclosing the relevant information to the financial community. Argument for and against implementing integrated reporting: The integrated report helps in satisfying the needs of the investors for a holistic depiction of the business by enabling them with assessment that is more inclusive. On the other hand, by establishing the integrated reporting it can lead to comprehensive modification and a prolonged period of execution. It may include numerous years from the early decision of implementation to publish the initial report (DeFond and Zhang 2014). An incredible harmonization attempt is required when there is insufficient knowledge in the interdepartmental collaboration. Usually, the requirement for resources is regarded as high with each department can vigorously figure the procedure and make changes to the report according to the distinct requirements. To provide gradual process of implementation of the integrated reporting it is probable to illustrate and construct on current reporting structure with procedures which are then modified and extended comprehensively. An integrated report can help in optimising the reporting by enabling multiple subdivisions to work together on the level of interdisciplinary by creating information and creating synergies. Internally with the adoption and progressive improvement of existing structures and procedure along with the familiarity in sustainability reporting, promote the expansion procedure (Di Pietra, McLeay and Ronen 2014). In addition to this, publication of the progress report after three of four times in a year along with expert IT support assists in simplifying the access to the relevant data by encouraging report development. The main benefit of using development report is that it acts in the form of response from the internal and external stakeholders that can be easily included in the reports. Establishing open communication amid the subdivisions, interactions and better collaboration helps in establishing operational conformity measures. On the level of management recognising the support of the board and other departments along with open culture helps in creating superiority in simplicity. It is noteworthy to denote that external identification with the help of reward helps in creating a positive stakeholder feedback, which ultimately acts in the form of motivating factor for the organisation (Ahmed 2016). In addition to this, using the structure and the support of expert consultants external service providers are considered as helpful. Several respondents have agreed that they would embark on the journey again if the organisation has to implement the concept of integrated reporting unless the company obtains the long-term benefit of implementing. Integrated reporting helps in outweighing the management through efforts and cost, which is related to the integrated reportin g by making changes in the management reporting procedure. Cost and benefit of integrated reporting: The benefit of integrated reporting from the viewpoint of investors consists of the clear connection between the sustainability along with long term performance. Along with this, the concept of integrated reporting helps in attaining increased comprehension concerning the future outlook of the business organisation. It is noteworthy to denote that the integrated reporting also helps in pooling significant information for long-term risk, which consists of making modification in the climate that can create a significant impact on the business model (Falzon 2016). Therefore, it can be understood that concept of integrated reporting can help in providing greater insights concerning the way a corporate value can be treated. On contrast to this, there is also several downside of integrated reporting framework as laid down by several different researchers before the work. This consists of the complication and lack of lucidity along with general lack of conviction of integrated reporting lea ding to achievement of goals. It also consist of the inadequacy of the consensus in relation to the appearance of the integrated reporting. Insufficient acknowledgement of standard can be considered as one of the associated problems (Gaffikin 2016). It is noteworthy to denote that the framework of integrated reporting tends to rise beyond the downward side of the integrated reporting even though there is prevailing gap in the structure that needs to alleviated. The integrated reporting structure can help in reducing the entire cost of reporting for different corporation by providing single mode of standard reporting. However, there are several challenges concerning the quantification and presentation of reports on different capitals such as manufactured capitals, natural capitals and social capitals. There also prevails the challenges concerning the cost of reporting simultaneously when the benefits are generally intangible and else diverse (Henderson et al. 2015). It can be understood that the concept of integrated reporting enables the clients and investors to invest in firms since the system of reporting helps in understanding both the sustainability report and financial report of the organisation. It can concluded that the implementing and preparing the concept of integrated reporting is considered as expensive for mid tier Australian accounting organisation. Despite this, it can be concluded that the mid-term Australian firms may inves t in preparing and implementing integrated reporting within the firms since it offers more benefits and profit to the firms. 3. Marketing Integrated Reporting The implementation of integrated reporting cannot be successful without involving the stakeholders such as the clients, investors, employees, and the industry. The company must ensure that the stakeholders are accustomed to the new reporting format of the company as a company cannot function without their stakeholders. In order to make the stakeholders believe in the adopted integrated reporting the company can communicate with the key shareholders and explain the change that are to be brought (Horngren et al. 2013). The benefits of the integrated reporting should be highlighted and how the financial reporting would affect the decision of stakeholders based on the financial reporting should be discussed with the stakeholders to take them in confidence. The stakeholders should be informed about the value that the implementation of integrated reporting would create. The stakeholders should be made aware of the fact that the integrated reporting would bring a transparency in the financi al report and thus helps in developing the trust between stakeholders and the company (Hyman 2014). The different business sectors especially public sectors and refinery sectors have been benefited by adopting the integrated reporting as they were able to develop trust among them regarding the transparency of the information provided. Types of Services Offered The types of services offered by the integrated reporting to its clients are elaborated as following: Integrated reporting improves the information quality that is to be provided to the financial capital contributors to ensure the productive and efficient capital allowance. Integrated reporting helps the organization in the value creation for the clients as it is a more effective approach in comparison to the corporate reporting covering the social and environmental aspects and thus providing transparent information to the client. Integrated Reporting helps in focusing over the value creation over the long run by supporting the decision-making, actions and integrated thinking (Kristensen and Israelsen 2013). Integrated Reporting helps in enhancing the accountability and stewardship in order to get a wider capital base and provides the understanding with regard to the interdependencies of both accountability and stewardship. Skills and Training Required for the Employees While preparing the integrated report, it is necessary to develop certain skills and concepts for an individual in practice. Likely to an accountant and an auditor, the similar line of work will be followed by individual at the time of preparation of the integrated reporting framework at the ending of the reporting period (Messier 2016). In this context, it is important to have skilled and trained employees who can understand the clear concept of adaptability while incorporate necessary information in the framework of the integrated reporting. Needless to say, the practicing disclosure of the accounting is evolving and dynamic in nature. Thus, communication is one of the essential skills for employees in this context. It is obvious fact that comprehensive value creation is the ultimate aim of the integrated reporting. Thus, communication skill will help to identify the interdependency between all elements external and internal (Rensburg and Botha 2014). As a result employee will help to assess the materially effectiveness on the perspective of the organisation to create value over time. Handling time effectively is another skill for employees to conduct the integrated report. An adequate training needs to be provided to employees for the development of the time management skills. Additionally, the fact of ingeniousness needs to be followed for maintaining the reporting integrity and comprehensiveness. For all these reason, necessary skills and training of employees needs to be developed while preparing the integrated reporting. 4. Evaluation process in the context of embedded strategies for integrated reporting: There are several elements are incorporated while developing the sustainable value creation of the business. All the operational and functional units of an organisation, along with the capital that it applies to create value needs to be considered for the preparation of the integrated report. Therefore, a sense of comprehensiveness or integrated the integrated thinking needs to be approached while evaluating the process of integrated reporting framework for an organisation (Porter, Simon and Hatherly 2014). In the general perspectives, the organisation develops the integrated report at the end of the period. These periodic integrated reporting, however, needs to facilitate the comprehensive value across all section of the organisation. Thus, integrated communication process in regards of following governance, policies, strategies, activities and performance of the reporting entity needs to be assessed. In this way, an integrated reporting framework help in to make combine internal an d external elements into the business and such aspects have been conveyed to all stakeholders of the company. Evidence suggests in the recent times that the level of effectiveness is being increased and demands are high for integrating report maintaining more accessibility and transparency Sierra et al. 2015. As stated by Tucker and Schaltegger (2016) that the integrated reporting is helpful for extending the acceptance of the corporate reporting in the financial field. However, evidence reflects that integrating reporting benefits are perceived by most of the public sector firms. Interestingly, the approach of integrated reporting is being enabled flexibility in terms of maintaining values of all stakeholders for short to long period of time. It has been positively noted that many of organisations for the purpose of effective decision-making process (Wang et al. 2013) are adopting integrated thinking approach. Thus, it can be said that many of the reporting entities for making the effective decision-making have emphasized the efforts of integrated reporting. This increases the comprehensive value towards the stakeholders of the company. Conclusion: To conclude with it is noteworthy to denote that the mid-tier Australian accouting firms must make the use of integrated reporting and implement the concept within the reporting and operational functions so that they can regulate their organisational business environment. From the above stated study it can be understood that integrated reporting plays vital role in stakeholder reporting. However, it involves expense and cost in preparation of integrated report but it enables organisation with long-term benefits. It can be concluded that the mid-term Australian organisation should invest in preparing and implementing integrated reporting within the firms since it offers additional benefits and income to the firms. Recommendation: Though the integrated reporting approach enhances the interdependency between internal and external elements of the reporting entity, the holistic view of strategy, performance, governance and prospects needs to be translated more effectively for increasing the value optimization towards the shareholders. Therefore, it can be stated that the mid-tier Australian accounting firm should acknowledge the importance of integrated reporting framework for increasing the value proposition across all the stakeholders of the company. This recommended approach will also earn more potentiality of the clients in front of the stakeholders. In other words, the integrating report increases the comprehensive values to all investors of the company. Reference list: Adams, C.A., 2015. The international integrated reporting council: a call to action.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,27, pp.23-28. Ahmed, R., 2016. Progress In Management Accounting Research And Zimmermans Conjectures (2001): WHERE ARE WE NOW?.Asia-Pacific Management Accounting Journal,10(1). Crowther, D., 2016.A social critique of corporate reporting: Semiotics and web-based integrated reporting. Routledge. De Villiers, C., Rinaldi, L. and Unerman, J., 2014. Integrated Reporting: Insights, gaps and an agenda for future research.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,27(7), pp.1042-1067. Deegan, C., 2013.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. DeFond, M. and Zhang, J., 2014. A review of archival auditing research.Journal of Accounting and Economics,58(2), pp.275-326. Di Pietra, R., McLeay, S. and Ronen, J., 2014.Accounting and regulation. Springer,. Eccles, R.G. and Krzus, M.P., 2014.The integrated reporting movement: meaning, momentum, motives, and materiality. John Wiley Sons. Falzon, M.A. ed., 2016.Multi-sited ethnography: Theory, praxis and locality in contemporary research. Routledge. Flower, J., 2015. The international integrated reporting council: a story of failure.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,27, pp.1-17. Frias?Aceituno, J.V., Rodrguez?Ariza, L. and Garcia?Snchez, I.M., 2014. Explanatory factors of integrated sustainability and financial reporting.Business strategy and the environment,23(1), pp.56-72. Gaffikin, M.J., 2016. A Brief Historical Appreciation of Accounting Theory? But Who Cares?. InPioneers of Critical Accounting(pp. 109-142). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Haller, A., 2016. Value Creation: A Core Concept of Integrated Reporting. InIntegrated Reporting(pp. 37-57). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015.Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Horngren, C.T., Sundem, G.L., Schatzberg, J.O. and Burgstahler, D., 2013.Introduction to management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed. Hyman, D.N., 2014.Public finance: A contemporary application of theory to policy. Cengage Learning. Kristensen, T.B. and Israelsen, P., 2013. Management accounting system problems in context of Lean.The Routledge Companion to Cost Management, p.32. Messier Jr, W., 2016.Auditing assurance services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Porter, B., Simon, J. and Hatherly, D., 2014.Principles of external auditing. John Wiley Sons. Rankin, M., Stanton, P.A., McGowan, S.C., Ferlauto, K. and Tilling, M., 2012.Contemporary issues in accounting. John Wiley and Sons Australia, Limited. Rensburg, R. and Botha, E., 2014. Is Integrated Reporting the silver bullet of financial communication? A stakeholder perspective from South Africa.Public Relations Review,40(2), pp.144-152. Sierra?Garca, L., Zorio?Grima, A. and Garca?Benau, M.A., 2015. Stakeholder engagement, corporate social responsibility and integrated reporting: an exploratory study.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,22(5), pp.286-304. Stubbs, W. and Higgins, C., 2014. Integrated reporting and internal mechanisms of change.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,27(7), pp.1068-1089. Tucker, B.P. and Schaltegger, S., 2016. Comparing the research-practice gap in management accounting: A view from professional accounting bodies in Australia and Germany.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,29(3), pp.362-400. Wang, C., Chow, S.S., Wang, Q., Ren, K. and Lou, W., 2013. Privacy-preserving public auditing for secure cloud storage.IEEE Transactions on computers,62(2), pp.362-375.

Events In Slavery Essay Example For Students

Events In Slavery Essay Events that Effected SlaveryEssay written by Curtis CupplesIntroductionWe hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness (Thomas Jefferson). The only problem with this passage from the Declaration of Independence is that it does not say, We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men and Negroes are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness Thomas Jeffersons words were not correct. Not all men were created equal and these men were slaves. Slavery has existed throughout the United States for centuries before the present day. This was the most inhumane treatment any man could go through. The following report will express the impact of slavery on the history of the united states of America. The Earliest Slaves in AmericaIn the summer of 1619 a 160-ton ship from the Port of Flushing in Holland sailed into the Chesapeake Bay. The Dutch ship was under the command of Captain Jope and piloted by an English man named Marmaduke Raynor. In exchange for supplies Jope sold more than 20 Negroes to the local authorities in the English colony of Virginia. These blacks came ashore 12 years after the founding of Jamestown. At first the Virginians liked white indentured persons who knew their language and their ways, compared to the newly arrived black slaves. Over time though, the black servants grew accustomed to the environment and were better than the white indentured servants. The colonists didnt approve, but because of the need for laborers for Tobacco the acceptance grew. Slavery grows from demand of cottonThe Revolutionary War won for the Americans a large stretch of wilderness between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. After 1800 settlers began to clear and plant on the land. Many of these settlers brought slaves with them. One of the crops which they planted was cotton. When the slaves had to pick the cotton it would prick them and slow the picking down tremendously. Then a man named Eli Whitney invented a machine called the Cotton Gin. The Cotton Gin cleaned the short sticky fibers of the upland cotton. Metal teeth simply pulled the fibers from the seeds. The invention of this machine made the cotton economy soar. This increased the need for slaves. They needed more slaves to pick the cotton faster so they could keep up with the production. The masters were constantly working their slaves from dusk until dawn. They would load the cotton into wagons and take the crop to the gin. As planters in the South turned more and more land t o growing cotton, the economy could support more people. In 1790 the South had one million white people, six hundred fifty-seven thousand black slaves, and thirty-two thousand free black people. Slaves grew in population rapidly. Resistance To SlaverySlaves found many ways to resist white control. Most resistance forms were passive. Slaves used songs to express their longings to be free, but also spread news for secret meetings. Some slaves pretended to be sick, broke tools and worked as slow as possible. Others, ran away. When these slaves were caught, they were punished severely. Other ways slaves resisted the whites were through means of violence. Some slaves would try to poison the masters food which scared many plantation owners. The most violent though were organized riots. Slavery causes problems Slavery also caused problems where states were concerned. When Missouri sought admission to the Union in 1819, it proposed a state constitution which would protect slavery. At that t ime there were exactly as many slave states as well as free states in the Union. The house of representatives was dominated by the North and the Southerners stood to gain control of the senate if Missouri was admitted as a slave state. Before the Missouri Debate began, Congress used the Northwest Ordinance to prohibit slavery north and west of the Ohio River. The balance was in danger of being upset. Slavery also affected this greatly and it later led to the Missouri Compromise. Carlos Santana EssayThe Emancipation Proclamation would free all slaves in areas still in rebellion. It was a statement of intent instead of a law, and slaveholders refused to accept it. The Proclamation also allowed former slaves to enlist in the army. During the war one hundred and eighty-six thousand blacks served in the Union Army and twenty-nine thousand served in the Union Navy. ReconstructionBefore the Civil war was over and General Lee and his troops surrendered, Lincoln already had a plan of amnesty and reconstruction to be approved by congress. In this plan, 10% of those who voted in the election of 1860 had to take an oath proclaiming their loyalty to the United States. Confederate states could then form a new government and use a new constitution. In this proclamation, slavery was also banned, but it did not say that blacks had the right to vote or to any other rights. Another plan the Radicals passed in July 1864, was the Wade-Davis Bill. This bill was a stricter version of Lincolns Proclamation of Amnesty. In this bill a majority (51%) had to take an oath to the United States and take part in drafting a new Constitution. Only then could that state be remitted to the Union. The bill demanded that Confederates swear past and present loyalty. The Wade-Davis bill also required the new state constitutions to outlaw slavery and declare the Confederate debt unpayable. Confederate bonds and money became worthless. With the support of the moderates, Congress passed the Wade-Davis bill. Congress then adjourned, however, and Lincoln refused to sign the bill. This defeated the Wade-Davis bill. In January 1865, Lincoln compromised by proposing the Thirteenth Amendment to outlaw slavery. Former Confederate states were required to ratify, or formally approve, the amendment before rejoining the Union. Black CodesIn Johnsons plan for reconstruction he gave black voting rights to most whites, but he only encouraged new states to allow freedmen to vote. The southern states followed Johnsons policies, but not happily. None gave blacks the right to vote. Instead, the new state governments tried to bring back slavery in all but name. They used laws known as Black Codes. The Black Codes varied from state to state, but everywhere the laws were meant to keep blacks from being free. Freedman were made to sign labor contracts that bound them to work and orphans whose parents could not raise them were to work as apprentices. Freedmans Bureau and Education For Blacks Just before the wars end, Congress established the Freedmans Bureau. For emergency relief the bureau distributed food to the needy of both races. Finding jobs was one of its first tasks. It also performed marriages for blacks. Education was also very important for blacks. They thought of education as their key to equal rights. The Freedmans Bureau also helped them in seeking a better education. More than four thousand schools were established. In the South, the government set up schools after 1868. They were unfortunately segregated (separated by race). During this time in 1868, the fifteenth amendment was passed. This amendment gave everyone the right to vote no matter their race or if they were previously slaves. Blacks were slowly gaining their rights. ConclusionBlacks as you can see suffered through many hardships and losses over time. Eventually many victories come to them. What we must realize is that all humans should be treated the same no matter what their race or color is. But this was all in the past and we need to put it behind us. Instead we should look to the future and remember all men are created equal. BibliographyMartin Luther The KingHistory Reports