Accounting Theory and Auditing Research

Questions: 1. The background to and meaning of integrated reporting? 2. Arguments for and against focusing on integrated reporting; What are the costs and benefits of doing so? 3. Assuming integrated reporting is chosen as a viable option - How should this new area be marketed to clients? What exactly are the types of services that might be offered; What are the type of skills and training the staff employed in it would require? 4. Should the accounting practice consider embedding integrated reporting policies more firmly in its own business? Answers: Introduction: Integrated reporting encourages a consistent and well-organized approach to corporate reporting which aspires to develop the quality of the information obtainable to providers of financial capital so that they can perform more proficient and creative distribution of capital. The integrated reporting is based on the long-term vision in which integrated thinking is entrenched in the conventional trade practice (De Villiers, Rinaldi and Unerman 2014). Integrated reporting is implemented in both the public and private divisions assisted by integrated corporate reporting norms. 1. Integrated Reporting Overview The main objective of integrated reporting is to give detailed providers of monetary capital on how an organisation develops worth over time. An integrated report is beneficial to the stakeholders who are involved in an organisation with the capability to produce value over time. These include employees, customers, suppliers, trade partners, local communities, legislators, regulators and policy makers. The international integrated reporting framework considers the principle-based approach. The basic intention is to create a balance amid the elasticity and direction, which identifies the wide differences in individual state of affairs of diverse organisations (Flower 2015). This enables a adequate level of comparability across the organisations in order to assemble the pertinent information needs. It does not sets down the definite key performance pointers, measurement procedures and the revelation of individual matters. It only includes a small figure of requirements, which needs to be applied prior to an integrated report being in conformity with the structure. An integrated report can be prepared in respect to the present conformity obligation, which may be either separate report or may be incorporated in the form of discernible prominent report. It must be included transitionally to explain the basis of the report by those charged with supremacy by accommodating the accountability of statement. Fundamental concepts: The major objective of integrated report is providing an close look into the capital and relations used and by the organisation. They are collectively referred in the form of capital under this framework. The concept of integrated reporting aims to explanation on how an organisation interacts within the external environment (Crowther 2016). It also considers the capitals which is used to produce value over the short, medium and long-term. Capitals are represented in the form of stock of values which increases, decreases or transforms through the help of actions and outputs of the organisation. It is generally categorized under this frame in the form monetary, manufactured, intellectual human, communal and natural capital. It is noteworthy to denote that organisation developing an integrated report is not under the obligation to adopt such classification or to configure their reporting concerning lines of the capitals. The capability of an organisation to develop value for itself enables them to generate monetary returns to the providers of the fiscal capital. This is correlated with the value that the companies develop for its stakeholders ranges upon the performance, communications and relationships (Adams 2015). When these are important to the companys ability, it helps in creating value for its self, which is included in the incorporated report. The purpose of integrated reporting structure is to set up the directi ng principles and fundamentals of content, which rules the overall content of an integrated report. Integrated reporting identifies the information which is to be included in the integrated report with the objective of using it to assess the organisations ability to create value. 2. Arguments for implementing integrated reporting: According to the management perspective implementation of integrated reporting is based on the adoption of integrated thinking. Implementing integrated reporting will enable corporations to gain from the superior information and data accessibility with superior decision support system providing an additional holistic vision of the corporation. These insights help in looking ahead with resonance tactical decision making. Risk management can be made superior by making prominence interdependencies under the value procedure (Haller 2016.). An increased level of lucidity can lead to improved appraisal of opportunities and risk thereby, this may enable the management to find easily align tactical objectives. Businesses generally report transformed forms of admiration with better interior understanding of the worth procedure along with the employee recognition by the organisation. By revealing value drivers and assessing the value chain, individuals are better able contribute in each functions which is not only highlighted but also appreciated. Internal reporting provides holistic presentation of the organisation by linking the capitals and this in turn provides explanation to the value drivers for stakeholders (Frias et al. 2014). The status of integrated reporting acts a pioneer in combining the increased transparency, which helps in improving the public image of the business with improved stakeholders trust along with investors trust. Arguments against implementing integrated reporting: Arguments against implementing integrated reporting consist of the internal confrontation by the individual departments and individual employees. These resistances mainly include struggle to changes arising out of execution. Another downward side that is identified is higher cost and resources requirement at each stage of business generally due to the short of practice and an enlargement of guidelines. This is generally applicable during the first year of functioning and depends upon how the procedure looks like and whether or not integrated reporting is used to make more efficient reporting (Eccles and Krzus 2014). Therefore, greater resource competence and reformation of the procedure is one of the major advantage once the integrated reporting is effectively implemented. In order to avoid complications, managers must need to sustain the thought of integrated reporting with its successive modifications and sufficient management skills to administer the alteration process. In additio n to this, a better level of lucidity leads to potentially fresh risk for the organisation because of the revelation of negative and equivalent accountabilities (Stubbs and Higgins 2014). An integrated report can help in optimising the reporting such as it helps in enabling numerous subdivisions to work together on an interdisciplinary level by sharing data and creating synergies. Integrated reporting can help in broadening the perceptions and gaining facts of the overall business for diverse departments. One of the positive results of the implementation procedure is reinforcing the internal dialogue further than the boundaries of department (Deegan 2013). Implementing the integrated reporting framework helps in enhancing the efficiency resources with fiscal, sustainability and governance reports are combined by taking into the consideration the manufacturing and allocation costs. Operational decision-making procedure are accelerated because of enhanced reliability in individual reports upon the value chain of the corporation. The integrated report helps in facilitating external communication by providing dependable tool application to large number of stakeholders by disclosing the relevant information to the financial community. Argument for and against implementing integrated reporting: The integrated report helps in satisfying the needs of the investors for a holistic depiction of the business by enabling them with assessment that is more inclusive. On the other hand, by establishing the integrated reporting it can lead to comprehensive modification and a prolonged period of execution. It may include numerous years from the early decision of implementation to publish the initial report (DeFond and Zhang 2014). An incredible harmonization attempt is required when there is insufficient knowledge in the interdepartmental collaboration. Usually, the requirement for resources is regarded as high with each department can vigorously figure the procedure and make changes to the report according to the distinct requirements. To provide gradual process of implementation of the integrated reporting it is probable to illustrate and construct on current reporting structure with procedures which are then modified and extended comprehensively. An integrated report can help in optimising the reporting by enabling multiple subdivisions to work together on the level of interdisciplinary by creating information and creating synergies. Internally with the adoption and progressive improvement of existing structures and procedure along with the familiarity in sustainability reporting, promote the expansion procedure (Di Pietra, McLeay and Ronen 2014). In addition to this, publication of the progress report after three of four times in a year along with expert IT support assists in simplifying the access to the relevant data by encouraging report development. The main benefit of using development report is that it acts in the form of response from the internal and external stakeholders that can be easily included in the reports. Establishing open communication amid the subdivisions, interactions and better collaboration helps in establishing operational conformity measures. On the level of management recognising the support of the board and other departments along with open culture helps in creating superiority in simplicity. It is noteworthy to denote that external identification with the help of reward helps in creating a positive stakeholder feedback, which ultimately acts in the form of motivating factor for the organisation (Ahmed 2016). In addition to this, using the structure and the support of expert consultants external service providers are considered as helpful. Several respondents have agreed that they would embark on the journey again if the organisation has to implement the concept of integrated reporting unless the company obtains the long-term benefit of implementing. Integrated reporting helps in outweighing the management through efforts and cost, which is related to the integrated reportin g by making changes in the management reporting procedure. Cost and benefit of integrated reporting: The benefit of integrated reporting from the viewpoint of investors consists of the clear connection between the sustainability along with long term performance. Along with this, the concept of integrated reporting helps in attaining increased comprehension concerning the future outlook of the business organisation. It is noteworthy to denote that the integrated reporting also helps in pooling significant information for long-term risk, which consists of making modification in the climate that can create a significant impact on the business model (Falzon 2016). Therefore, it can be understood that concept of integrated reporting can help in providing greater insights concerning the way a corporate value can be treated. On contrast to this, there is also several downside of integrated reporting framework as laid down by several different researchers before the work. This consists of the complication and lack of lucidity along with general lack of conviction of integrated reporting lea ding to achievement of goals. It also consist of the inadequacy of the consensus in relation to the appearance of the integrated reporting. Insufficient acknowledgement of standard can be considered as one of the associated problems (Gaffikin 2016). It is noteworthy to denote that the framework of integrated reporting tends to rise beyond the downward side of the integrated reporting even though there is prevailing gap in the structure that needs to alleviated. The integrated reporting structure can help in reducing the entire cost of reporting for different corporation by providing single mode of standard reporting. However, there are several challenges concerning the quantification and presentation of reports on different capitals such as manufactured capitals, natural capitals and social capitals. There also prevails the challenges concerning the cost of reporting simultaneously when the benefits are generally intangible and else diverse (Henderson et al. 2015). It can be understood that the concept of integrated reporting enables the clients and investors to invest in firms since the system of reporting helps in understanding both the sustainability report and financial report of the organisation. It can concluded that the implementing and preparing the concept of integrated reporting is considered as expensive for mid tier Australian accounting organisation. Despite this, it can be concluded that the mid-term Australian firms may inves t in preparing and implementing integrated reporting within the firms since it offers more benefits and profit to the firms. 3. Marketing Integrated Reporting The implementation of integrated reporting cannot be successful without involving the stakeholders such as the clients, investors, employees, and the industry. The company must ensure that the stakeholders are accustomed to the new reporting format of the company as a company cannot function without their stakeholders. In order to make the stakeholders believe in the adopted integrated reporting the company can communicate with the key shareholders and explain the change that are to be brought (Horngren et al. 2013). The benefits of the integrated reporting should be highlighted and how the financial reporting would affect the decision of stakeholders based on the financial reporting should be discussed with the stakeholders to take them in confidence. The stakeholders should be informed about the value that the implementation of integrated reporting would create. The stakeholders should be made aware of the fact that the integrated reporting would bring a transparency in the financi al report and thus helps in developing the trust between stakeholders and the company (Hyman 2014). The different business sectors especially public sectors and refinery sectors have been benefited by adopting the integrated reporting as they were able to develop trust among them regarding the transparency of the information provided. Types of Services Offered The types of services offered by the integrated reporting to its clients are elaborated as following: Integrated reporting improves the information quality that is to be provided to the financial capital contributors to ensure the productive and efficient capital allowance. Integrated reporting helps the organization in the value creation for the clients as it is a more effective approach in comparison to the corporate reporting covering the social and environmental aspects and thus providing transparent information to the client. Integrated Reporting helps in focusing over the value creation over the long run by supporting the decision-making, actions and integrated thinking (Kristensen and Israelsen 2013). Integrated Reporting helps in enhancing the accountability and stewardship in order to get a wider capital base and provides the understanding with regard to the interdependencies of both accountability and stewardship. Skills and Training Required for the Employees While preparing the integrated report, it is necessary to develop certain skills and concepts for an individual in practice. Likely to an accountant and an auditor, the similar line of work will be followed by individual at the time of preparation of the integrated reporting framework at the ending of the reporting period (Messier 2016). In this context, it is important to have skilled and trained employees who can understand the clear concept of adaptability while incorporate necessary information in the framework of the integrated reporting. Needless to say, the practicing disclosure of the accounting is evolving and dynamic in nature. Thus, communication is one of the essential skills for employees in this context. It is obvious fact that comprehensive value creation is the ultimate aim of the integrated reporting. Thus, communication skill will help to identify the interdependency between all elements external and internal (Rensburg and Botha 2014). As a result employee will help to assess the materially effectiveness on the perspective of the organisation to create value over time. Handling time effectively is another skill for employees to conduct the integrated report. An adequate training needs to be provided to employees for the development of the time management skills. Additionally, the fact of ingeniousness needs to be followed for maintaining the reporting integrity and comprehensiveness. For all these reason, necessary skills and training of employees needs to be developed while preparing the integrated reporting. 4. Evaluation process in the context of embedded strategies for integrated reporting: There are several elements are incorporated while developing the sustainable value creation of the business. All the operational and functional units of an organisation, along with the capital that it applies to create value needs to be considered for the preparation of the integrated report. Therefore, a sense of comprehensiveness or integrated the integrated thinking needs to be approached while evaluating the process of integrated reporting framework for an organisation (Porter, Simon and Hatherly 2014). In the general perspectives, the organisation develops the integrated report at the end of the period. These periodic integrated reporting, however, needs to facilitate the comprehensive value across all section of the organisation. Thus, integrated communication process in regards of following governance, policies, strategies, activities and performance of the reporting entity needs to be assessed. In this way, an integrated reporting framework help in to make combine internal an d external elements into the business and such aspects have been conveyed to all stakeholders of the company. Evidence suggests in the recent times that the level of effectiveness is being increased and demands are high for integrating report maintaining more accessibility and transparency Sierra et al. 2015. As stated by Tucker and Schaltegger (2016) that the integrated reporting is helpful for extending the acceptance of the corporate reporting in the financial field. However, evidence reflects that integrating reporting benefits are perceived by most of the public sector firms. Interestingly, the approach of integrated reporting is being enabled flexibility in terms of maintaining values of all stakeholders for short to long period of time. It has been positively noted that many of organisations for the purpose of effective decision-making process (Wang et al. 2013) are adopting integrated thinking approach. Thus, it can be said that many of the reporting entities for making the effective decision-making have emphasized the efforts of integrated reporting. This increases the comprehensive value towards the stakeholders of the company. Conclusion: To conclude with it is noteworthy to denote that the mid-tier Australian accouting firms must make the use of integrated reporting and implement the concept within the reporting and operational functions so that they can regulate their organisational business environment. From the above stated study it can be understood that integrated reporting plays vital role in stakeholder reporting. However, it involves expense and cost in preparation of integrated report but it enables organisation with long-term benefits. It can be concluded that the mid-term Australian organisation should invest in preparing and implementing integrated reporting within the firms since it offers additional benefits and income to the firms. Recommendation: Though the integrated reporting approach enhances the interdependency between internal and external elements of the reporting entity, the holistic view of strategy, performance, governance and prospects needs to be translated more effectively for increasing the value optimization towards the shareholders. Therefore, it can be stated that the mid-tier Australian accounting firm should acknowledge the importance of integrated reporting framework for increasing the value proposition across all the stakeholders of the company. This recommended approach will also earn more potentiality of the clients in front of the stakeholders. In other words, the integrating report increases the comprehensive values to all investors of the company. Reference list: Adams, C.A., 2015. The international integrated reporting council: a call to action.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,27, pp.23-28. Ahmed, R., 2016. Progress In Management Accounting Research And Zimmermans Conjectures (2001): WHERE ARE WE NOW?.Asia-Pacific Management Accounting Journal,10(1). Crowther, D., 2016.A social critique of corporate reporting: Semiotics and web-based integrated reporting. Routledge. De Villiers, C., Rinaldi, L. and Unerman, J., 2014. Integrated Reporting: Insights, gaps and an agenda for future research.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,27(7), pp.1042-1067. Deegan, C., 2013.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. DeFond, M. and Zhang, J., 2014. A review of archival auditing research.Journal of Accounting and Economics,58(2), pp.275-326. Di Pietra, R., McLeay, S. and Ronen, J., 2014.Accounting and regulation. Springer,. Eccles, R.G. and Krzus, M.P., 2014.The integrated reporting movement: meaning, momentum, motives, and materiality. John Wiley Sons. Falzon, M.A. ed., 2016.Multi-sited ethnography: Theory, praxis and locality in contemporary research. Routledge. Flower, J., 2015. The international integrated reporting council: a story of failure.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,27, pp.1-17. Frias?Aceituno, J.V., Rodrguez?Ariza, L. and Garcia?Snchez, I.M., 2014. Explanatory factors of integrated sustainability and financial reporting.Business strategy and the environment,23(1), pp.56-72. Gaffikin, M.J., 2016. A Brief Historical Appreciation of Accounting Theory? But Who Cares?. InPioneers of Critical Accounting(pp. 109-142). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Haller, A., 2016. Value Creation: A Core Concept of Integrated Reporting. InIntegrated Reporting(pp. 37-57). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015.Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Horngren, C.T., Sundem, G.L., Schatzberg, J.O. and Burgstahler, D., 2013.Introduction to management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed. Hyman, D.N., 2014.Public finance: A contemporary application of theory to policy. Cengage Learning. Kristensen, T.B. and Israelsen, P., 2013. Management accounting system problems in context of Lean.The Routledge Companion to Cost Management, p.32. Messier Jr, W., 2016.Auditing assurance services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Porter, B., Simon, J. and Hatherly, D., 2014.Principles of external auditing. John Wiley Sons. Rankin, M., Stanton, P.A., McGowan, S.C., Ferlauto, K. and Tilling, M., 2012.Contemporary issues in accounting. John Wiley and Sons Australia, Limited. Rensburg, R. and Botha, E., 2014. Is Integrated Reporting the silver bullet of financial communication? A stakeholder perspective from South Africa.Public Relations Review,40(2), pp.144-152. Sierra?Garca, L., Zorio?Grima, A. and Garca?Benau, M.A., 2015. Stakeholder engagement, corporate social responsibility and integrated reporting: an exploratory study.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,22(5), pp.286-304. Stubbs, W. and Higgins, C., 2014. Integrated reporting and internal mechanisms of change.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,27(7), pp.1068-1089. Tucker, B.P. and Schaltegger, S., 2016. Comparing the research-practice gap in management accounting: A view from professional accounting bodies in Australia and Germany.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,29(3), pp.362-400. Wang, C., Chow, S.S., Wang, Q., Ren, K. and Lou, W., 2013. Privacy-preserving public auditing for secure cloud storage.IEEE Transactions on computers,62(2), pp.362-375.

Events In Slavery Essay Example For Students

Events In Slavery Essay Events that Effected SlaveryEssay written by Curtis CupplesIntroductionWe hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness (Thomas Jefferson). The only problem with this passage from the Declaration of Independence is that it does not say, We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men and Negroes are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness Thomas Jeffersons words were not correct. Not all men were created equal and these men were slaves. Slavery has existed throughout the United States for centuries before the present day. This was the most inhumane treatment any man could go through. The following report will express the impact of slavery on the history of the united states of America. The Earliest Slaves in AmericaIn the summer of 1619 a 160-ton ship from the Port of Flushing in Holland sailed into the Chesapeake Bay. The Dutch ship was under the command of Captain Jope and piloted by an English man named Marmaduke Raynor. In exchange for supplies Jope sold more than 20 Negroes to the local authorities in the English colony of Virginia. These blacks came ashore 12 years after the founding of Jamestown. At first the Virginians liked white indentured persons who knew their language and their ways, compared to the newly arrived black slaves. Over time though, the black servants grew accustomed to the environment and were better than the white indentured servants. The colonists didnt approve, but because of the need for laborers for Tobacco the acceptance grew. Slavery grows from demand of cottonThe Revolutionary War won for the Americans a large stretch of wilderness between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. After 1800 settlers began to clear and plant on the land. Many of these settlers brought slaves with them. One of the crops which they planted was cotton. When the slaves had to pick the cotton it would prick them and slow the picking down tremendously. Then a man named Eli Whitney invented a machine called the Cotton Gin. The Cotton Gin cleaned the short sticky fibers of the upland cotton. Metal teeth simply pulled the fibers from the seeds. The invention of this machine made the cotton economy soar. This increased the need for slaves. They needed more slaves to pick the cotton faster so they could keep up with the production. The masters were constantly working their slaves from dusk until dawn. They would load the cotton into wagons and take the crop to the gin. As planters in the South turned more and more land t o growing cotton, the economy could support more people. In 1790 the South had one million white people, six hundred fifty-seven thousand black slaves, and thirty-two thousand free black people. Slaves grew in population rapidly. Resistance To SlaverySlaves found many ways to resist white control. Most resistance forms were passive. Slaves used songs to express their longings to be free, but also spread news for secret meetings. Some slaves pretended to be sick, broke tools and worked as slow as possible. Others, ran away. When these slaves were caught, they were punished severely. Other ways slaves resisted the whites were through means of violence. Some slaves would try to poison the masters food which scared many plantation owners. The most violent though were organized riots. Slavery causes problems Slavery also caused problems where states were concerned. When Missouri sought admission to the Union in 1819, it proposed a state constitution which would protect slavery. At that t ime there were exactly as many slave states as well as free states in the Union. The house of representatives was dominated by the North and the Southerners stood to gain control of the senate if Missouri was admitted as a slave state. Before the Missouri Debate began, Congress used the Northwest Ordinance to prohibit slavery north and west of the Ohio River. The balance was in danger of being upset. Slavery also affected this greatly and it later led to the Missouri Compromise. Carlos Santana EssayThe Emancipation Proclamation would free all slaves in areas still in rebellion. It was a statement of intent instead of a law, and slaveholders refused to accept it. The Proclamation also allowed former slaves to enlist in the army. During the war one hundred and eighty-six thousand blacks served in the Union Army and twenty-nine thousand served in the Union Navy. ReconstructionBefore the Civil war was over and General Lee and his troops surrendered, Lincoln already had a plan of amnesty and reconstruction to be approved by congress. In this plan, 10% of those who voted in the election of 1860 had to take an oath proclaiming their loyalty to the United States. Confederate states could then form a new government and use a new constitution. In this proclamation, slavery was also banned, but it did not say that blacks had the right to vote or to any other rights. Another plan the Radicals passed in July 1864, was the Wade-Davis Bill. This bill was a stricter version of Lincolns Proclamation of Amnesty. In this bill a majority (51%) had to take an oath to the United States and take part in drafting a new Constitution. Only then could that state be remitted to the Union. The bill demanded that Confederates swear past and present loyalty. The Wade-Davis bill also required the new state constitutions to outlaw slavery and declare the Confederate debt unpayable. Confederate bonds and money became worthless. With the support of the moderates, Congress passed the Wade-Davis bill. Congress then adjourned, however, and Lincoln refused to sign the bill. This defeated the Wade-Davis bill. In January 1865, Lincoln compromised by proposing the Thirteenth Amendment to outlaw slavery. Former Confederate states were required to ratify, or formally approve, the amendment before rejoining the Union. Black CodesIn Johnsons plan for reconstruction he gave black voting rights to most whites, but he only encouraged new states to allow freedmen to vote. The southern states followed Johnsons policies, but not happily. None gave blacks the right to vote. Instead, the new state governments tried to bring back slavery in all but name. They used laws known as Black Codes. The Black Codes varied from state to state, but everywhere the laws were meant to keep blacks from being free. Freedman were made to sign labor contracts that bound them to work and orphans whose parents could not raise them were to work as apprentices. Freedmans Bureau and Education For Blacks Just before the wars end, Congress established the Freedmans Bureau. For emergency relief the bureau distributed food to the needy of both races. Finding jobs was one of its first tasks. It also performed marriages for blacks. Education was also very important for blacks. They thought of education as their key to equal rights. The Freedmans Bureau also helped them in seeking a better education. More than four thousand schools were established. In the South, the government set up schools after 1868. They were unfortunately segregated (separated by race). During this time in 1868, the fifteenth amendment was passed. This amendment gave everyone the right to vote no matter their race or if they were previously slaves. Blacks were slowly gaining their rights. ConclusionBlacks as you can see suffered through many hardships and losses over time. Eventually many victories come to them. What we must realize is that all humans should be treated the same no matter what their race or color is. But this was all in the past and we need to put it behind us. Instead we should look to the future and remember all men are created equal. BibliographyMartin Luther The KingHistory Reports

The Mind Of A Serial Killer Essay Example For Students

The Mind Of A Serial Killer Essay SERIAL MURDER: In the last three decades the USA has been troubled by an approaching problem, the serial killer. A serial killer is a person who kills a number of people, usually considered over five, with a cooling off period between each murder, usually one murder at one given time). Two murders at one time occasionally happen and these murders may go on for a period of months or years until the killer is caught. Throughout the last three decades the US serial killer rate has risen 94% and it is estimated that by the next millennium it will claim an average of 11 lives a day. Serial Murder is an epidemic; there are at least 35 serial killers active in the USA today who claim one third of the annual murder rate. We will write a custom essay on The Mind Of A Serial Killer specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The USA has 6% of the worlds population yet it has three quarters of all serial killers. Not only are serial killers appearing in more numbers in the US but also all over the world countries are terrorized by serial killers, which are appearing in more numbers year and year after. KILLER TRAIT: A serial killer is a typical white male, 20-30, and most of them are usually in the USA. Their main motives are sex (even though the act of sex may or may not take place), power, manipulation, domination and control. The sex motive is usually rape for an organized killer and sadism for a disorganized killer. They act in a series of 5 or more murders with a cooling off period between each murder. Serial killers can go on for months and years before they are usually caught. The victim is usually the same for every killer prostitute, hitchhiker etc. Their victims may also have the same or similar attributes in gender, age, race, general look, residence etc. Serial killers also stick by their modus operandi very closely and may change it with experience. Most murders occur by strangulation, suffocation, stabbing etc. Serial killers act by a sex-murder fantasy based with their control, they usually live in this dream world in their teens until they act it out for real when they get into the adult stage. As each murder occurs a serial killer may be disappointed by his murder fantasy and may act it out again to achieve it to there own satisfaction. CHARACTERISTICS OF A SERIAL KILLER: 1. Killings are separate (serial), occurring with greater or less frequency, often escalating over a period of time, sometimes years, and will continue until the killer is taken into custody, dies, or is himself/herself killed. 2. In common with normal homicides, killing tends to be one on one. There are instances however where a serial killer has struck down more than one victim in a single incident. 3. There is no (or very little) previous connection between the perpetrator and the victim; the persons involved rarely being related. 4. Although there may be a pattern or victim trait, individual murders within a series rarely display a clearly defined or rational motive. 5. An increasingly greater spatial mobility (since the advent of the automobile) has enabled killers (if they wish) to move rapidly from one place to another, often before a murder has even been discovered. 6. There is usually a high degree of redundant violence, or an overkill, where the victim is subjected to a disproportionate level of brutality. MOTIVES: These are the motives a serial killer might display (some killers display various motives): Visionaries Acts in response to voices and is instructed by these voices to perform the act of murder. These killers are usually schizophrenic and psychotic. Missionaries They think it is their responsibility to rid society of unwanted elements. Hedonists Kill because murder causes them pleasure. .u43ac6111fcc8a3421f25c65400083b89 , .u43ac6111fcc8a3421f25c65400083b89 .postImageUrl , .u43ac6111fcc8a3421f25c65400083b89 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u43ac6111fcc8a3421f25c65400083b89 , .u43ac6111fcc8a3421f25c65400083b89:hover , .u43ac6111fcc8a3421f25c65400083b89:visited , .u43ac6111fcc8a3421f25c65400083b89:active { border:0!important; } .u43ac6111fcc8a3421f25c65400083b89 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u43ac6111fcc8a3421f25c65400083b89 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u43ac6111fcc8a3421f25c65400083b89:active , .u43ac6111fcc8a3421f25c65400083b89:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u43ac6111fcc8a3421f25c65400083b89 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u43ac6111fcc8a3421f25c65400083b89 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u43ac6111fcc8a3421f25c65400083b89 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u43ac6111fcc8a3421f25c65400083b89 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u43ac6111fcc8a3421f25c65400083b89:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u43ac6111fcc8a3421f25c65400083b89 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u43ac6111fcc8a3421f25c65400083b89 .u43ac6111fcc8a3421f25c65400083b89-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u43ac6111fcc8a3421f25c65400083b89:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: LEGALIZATION Essay Lust Killers Kill for sexual gratification with acts that are usually sadistic. Thrill Killers Kill because of a desire for a thrill or experience. Gain Killers Kill for personal gain. The killer premeditates the act to require financial gain or materialistic goods. While gain is not the main motive in a murder some serial killers have took the opportunity to steal from their victims for their own personal . The Mind of a Serial Killer Essay Example For Students The Mind of a Serial Killer Essay In the last three decades the USA has been troubled by an approaching problem, the serial killer. A serial killer is a person who kills a number of people, usually considered over five, with a cooling off period between each murder, usually one murder at one given time). Two murders at one time occasionally happen and these murders may go on for a period of months or years until the killer is caught. Throughout the last three decades the US serial killer rate has risen 94% and it is estimated that by the next millennium it will claim an average of 11 lives a day. Serial Murder is an epidemic; there are at least 35 serial killers active in the USA today who claim one third of the annual murder rate. We will write a custom essay on The Mind of a Serial Killer specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The USA has 6% of the worlds population yet it has three quarters of all serial killers. Not only are serial killers appearing in more numbers in the US but also all over the world countries are terrorized by serial killers, which are appearing in more numbers year and year after. A serial killer is a typical white male, 20-30, and most of them are usually in the USA. Their main motives are sex (even though the act of sex may or may not take place), power, manipulation, domination and control. The sex motive is usually rape for an organized killer and sadism for a disorganized killer. They act in a series of 5 or more murders with a cooling off period between each murder. Serial killers can go on for months and years before they are usually caught. The victim is usually the same for every killer prostitute, hitchhiker etc. Their victims may also have the same or similar attributes in gender, age, race, general look, residence etc. Serial killers also stick by their modus operandi very closely and may change it with experience. Most murders occur by strangulation, suffocation, stabbing etc. Serial killers act by a sex-murder fantasy based with their control, they usually live in this dream world in their teens until they act it out for real when they get into the adult stage. As each murder occurs a serial killer may be disappointed by his murder fantasy and may act it out again to achieve it to there own satisfaction. 1. Killings are separate (serial), occurring with greater or less frequency, often escalating over a period of time, sometimes years, and will continue until the killer is taken into custody, dies, or is himself/herself killed. 2. In common with normal homicides, killing tends to be one on one. There are instances however where a serial killer has struck down more than one victim in a single incident. 3. There is no (or very little) previous connection between the perpetrator and the victim; the persons involved rarely being related. 4. Although there may be a pattern or victim trait, individual murders within a series rarely display a clearly defined or rational motive. 5. An increasingly greater spatial mobility (since the advent of the automobile) has enabled killers (if they wish) to move rapidly from one place to another, often before a murder has even been discovered. 6. There is usually a high degree of redundant violence, or an overkill, where the victim is subjected to a disproportionate level of brutality. These are the motives a serial killer might display (some killers display various motives): Visionaries Acts in response to voices and is instructed by these voices to perform the act of murder. These killers are usually schizophrenic and psychotic. Missionaries They think it is their responsibility to rid society of unwanted elements. Hedonists Kill because murder causes them pleasure. .u65ce8338535fabbb5894933d5699af81 , .u65ce8338535fabbb5894933d5699af81 .postImageUrl , .u65ce8338535fabbb5894933d5699af81 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u65ce8338535fabbb5894933d5699af81 , .u65ce8338535fabbb5894933d5699af81:hover , .u65ce8338535fabbb5894933d5699af81:visited , .u65ce8338535fabbb5894933d5699af81:active { border:0!important; } .u65ce8338535fabbb5894933d5699af81 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u65ce8338535fabbb5894933d5699af81 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u65ce8338535fabbb5894933d5699af81:active , .u65ce8338535fabbb5894933d5699af81:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u65ce8338535fabbb5894933d5699af81 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u65ce8338535fabbb5894933d5699af81 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u65ce8338535fabbb5894933d5699af81 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u65ce8338535fabbb5894933d5699af81 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u65ce8338535fabbb5894933d5699af81:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u65ce8338535fabbb5894933d5699af81 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u65ce8338535fabbb5894933d5699af81 .u65ce8338535fabbb5894933d5699af81-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u65ce8338535fabbb5894933d5699af81:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Police Brutality Essay Lust Killers Kill for sexual gratification with acts that are usually sadistic. Thrill Killers Kill because of a desire for a thrill or experience. Gain Killers Kill for personal gain. The killer premeditates the act to require financial gain or materialistic goods. While gain is not the main motive in a murder some serial killers have took the opportunity to steal from their victims for their own personal gain. Power Seekers Kill for . The Mind Of A Serial Killer Essay Example For Students The Mind Of A Serial Killer Essay SERIAL MURDER: In the last three decades the USA has been troubled by an approaching problem, the serial killer. A serial killer is a person who kills a number of people, usually considered over five, with a cooling off period between each murder, usually one murder at one given time). Two murders at one time occasionally happen and these murders may go on for a period of months or years until the killer is caught. Throughout the last three decades the US serial killer rate has risen 94% and it is estimated that by the next millennium it will claim an average of 11 lives a day. Serial Murder is an epidemic; there are at least 35 serial killers active in the USA today who claim one third of the annual murder rate. We will write a custom essay on The Mind Of A Serial Killer specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The USA has 6% of the worlds population yet it has three quarters of all serial killers. Not only are serial killers appearing in more numbers in the US but also all over the world countries are terrorized by serial killers, which are appearing in more numbers year and year after. KILLER TRAIT: A serial killer is a typical white male, 20-30, and most of them are usually in the USA. Their main motives are sex (even though the act of sex may or may not take place), power, manipulation, domination and control. The sex motive is usually rape for an organized killer and sadism for a disorganized killer. They act in a series of 5 or more murders with a cooling off period between each murder. Serial killers can go on for months and years before they are usually caught. The victim is usually the same for every killer prostitute, hitchhiker etc. Their victims may also have the same or similar attributes in gender, age, race, general look, residence etc. Serial killers also stick by their modus operandi very closely and may change it with experience. Most murders occur by strangulation, suffocation, stabbing etc. Serial killers act by a sex-murder fantasy based with their control, they usually live in this dream world in their teens until they act it out for real when they get into the adult stage. As each murder occurs a serial killer may be disappointed by his murder fantasy and may act it out again to achieve it to there own satisfaction. CHARACTERISTICS OF A SERIAL KILLER: 1. Killings are separate (serial), occurring with greater or less frequency, often escalating over a period of time, sometimes years, and will continue until the killer is taken into custody, dies, or is himself/herself killed. 2. In common with normal homicides, killing tends to be one on one. There are instances however where a serial killer has struck down more than one victim in a single incident. 3. There is no (or very little) previous connection between the perpetrator and the victim; the persons involved rarely being related. 4. Although there may be a pattern or victim trait, individual murders within a series rarely display a clearly defined or rational motive. 5. An increasingly greater spatial mobility (since the advent of the automobile) has enabled killers (if they wish) to move rapidly from one place to another, often before a murder has even been discovered. 6. There is usually a high degree of redundant violence, or an overkill, where the victim is subjected to a disproportionate level of brutality. MOTIVES: These are the motives a serial killer might display (some killers display various motives): Visionaries Acts in response to voices and is instructed by these voices to perform the act of murder. These killers are usually schizophrenic and psychotic. Missionaries They think it is their responsibility to rid society of unwanted elements. Hedonists Kill because murder causes them pleasure. .u549ff88a7b59c2ae50b68f76aab3f6b1 , .u549ff88a7b59c2ae50b68f76aab3f6b1 .postImageUrl , .u549ff88a7b59c2ae50b68f76aab3f6b1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u549ff88a7b59c2ae50b68f76aab3f6b1 , .u549ff88a7b59c2ae50b68f76aab3f6b1:hover , .u549ff88a7b59c2ae50b68f76aab3f6b1:visited , .u549ff88a7b59c2ae50b68f76aab3f6b1:active { border:0!important; } .u549ff88a7b59c2ae50b68f76aab3f6b1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u549ff88a7b59c2ae50b68f76aab3f6b1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u549ff88a7b59c2ae50b68f76aab3f6b1:active , .u549ff88a7b59c2ae50b68f76aab3f6b1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u549ff88a7b59c2ae50b68f76aab3f6b1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u549ff88a7b59c2ae50b68f76aab3f6b1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u549ff88a7b59c2ae50b68f76aab3f6b1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u549ff88a7b59c2ae50b68f76aab3f6b1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u549ff88a7b59c2ae50b68f76aab3f6b1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u549ff88a7b59c2ae50b68f76aab3f6b1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u549ff88a7b59c2ae50b68f76aab3f6b1 .u549ff88a7b59c2ae50b68f76aab3f6b1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u549ff88a7b59c2ae50b68f76aab3f6b1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Titus Essay Lust Killers Kill for sexual gratification with acts that are usually sadistic. Thrill Killers Kill because of a desire for a thrill or experience. Gain Killers Kill for personal gain. The killer premeditates the act to require financial gain or materialistic goods. While gain is not the main motive in a murder some serial killers have took the opportunity to steal from their victims for their own personal .

An Overview of Urban Regeneration free essay sample

These two themes of urban regeneration are, indeed, complementary; insofar they allow a work in the fields of social development and improvement of environment. The first aims at making the inhabitants reach training and employment and the second tends to support their maintenance on the spot and attract new residents, by improving the quality of urban life. 1. 1Introduction of the Study As the world massively moving into modernization and world without boundaries, urban tourism has become an important economic source for city areas. Either in developed countries or developing countries, tourism has been allowed to be placed as an important urban function. This study will emphasize on the urban regeneration in sense of designing an urban tourism. The study will show how the post-industrial city being transferred into major attraction among tourists. We will analyze how the social mobilization will impact the city to be regenerated. Last but not least, how the preservation and function of heritage resources in the city affects urban regeneration. We will write a custom essay sample on An Overview of Urban Regeneration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1. 2Problem Statement The growth of tourism industry increase tremendously after 1970’s in urban areas. Ironically for industrial city, tourism industry is alienated or neglected from being part of the urban function. However, as the industry growth bigger and successfully attract major income for certain countries, the city area was facing stage of renewal or redevelopment in order to generate urban tourism. While urban regeneration projects and programs are by definition implemented in the existing city, it is a question of acting in-depth on the existing city and of reducing its dysfunctions. In Malaysia, urban regeneration is not a bombastic thing that ever happened. It does not even exist in Malaysia. That is the major problem facing by cities in Malaysia especially those that been developed during colonial era. And for this study, it is purposely focus on Taiping, Perak due to the history track where it is the first city in Malaysia that been built. And now, it’s facing the decline stage where it needs to be re-branded and rejuvenate. 1. 3Research Objectives In view of the above deliberation, the following objectives are being considered: a. To identify the needs of urban regeneration as the urban tourism push factor. b. To examine the impact of social mobilization towards urban regeneration c. To examine the needs of heritage towards urban regeneration 1. 4 Research Questions a. What are the needs of urban regeneration to become as the urban tourism push factor? b. Does the social mobilization incorporating with urban regeneration? c. How we can analyze the needs of cultural and heritage towards urban regeneration? ANSWERS 2. Overview Following World War II, and continuing into the early 1970s, â€Å"urban regeneration† referred primarily to public efforts to revitalize aging and decaying inner cities, although some suburban communities undertook such projects as well. Including massive demolition, slum clearance, and rehabilitation, urban regeneration in America proceeded initially from local and state legislation, which in Illinois included the Neighborhood Redevelopment Corporation Act of 1941 (amended in 1953), the Blighted Areas Redevelopment Act of 1947, the Relocation Act of 1947, and the Urban Community Conservation Act of 1953. The earliest emphasis was placed on slum clearance or â€Å"redevelopment,† which was followed by a focused effort to conserve threatened but not yet deteriorated neighborhoods (DCMS, 2004; Weaver, 2001). Urban regeneration means coordinated actions leading to improvement of the material state of the structures (modernization, revalorization) combined with the improvement of economic and social situation (Lorens, 2004). So, the new legislation had three primary functions. First, it expanded the citys power of eminent domain and enabled it to seize property for the new â€Å"public purposes† of slum clearance or prevention. Second, it pioneered the â€Å"write-down† formula which permitted the city to convey such property to private developers at its greatly reduced â€Å"use† value after the municipality subsidized its purchase and preparation. Last, the state provided assistance in relocating site residents — an absolute necessity in a time of severe housing shortages to enable the clearance of crowded, inner-city sites (Raco, 2002). The American Federal Housing Acts of 1949 and 1954, and their later amendments, mirrored the Illinois initiatives, providing a national framework and greater financial resources for the renewal effort. The clear intent was to offer public assistance to the private sector in the hope of heading off an urban crisis. 1. Social Mobilization While capacity-building usually refers to knowledge transfers to individuals or groups, social mobilization enables people to fuse what they themselves know with external information and techniques so as to carry out particular activities. For disadvantaged groups in particular (UN, 2004), this transformation increases their power relative to that of other groups in their socio-economic and political environments. Empowerment in this sense is thus an outcome of both the capacity-building of people and a reform of the rules and practices that oppress them (Wober, 1994). Social mobilization (Rapoport, 1977) reduces poverty because it is based on the premise that the poor are willing and able to carry out a number of functions themselves to improve their situations, given encouragement to form their own organizations for promoting their development through their own efforts and participating actively in decision-making that enhances their livelihoods. 1. Economic Restructuring Tourism development is often driven and rationalized by economic impacts (Law 1992; Judd 1995; Hall 1995; Law 1996; Department of National Heritage 1997; Cooper et. al. 1998). The type of partnership and its institutional framework utilized in the regeneration process depends upon the characteristics of the area, partnership objectives, activities and relationships between partners (Armstrong, 2000). It is argued that property developers – certain private commercial interests have gained legally massive advantages in the market place through the political means of state patronage (Brownill, 1990; Church, 1988). â€Å"†¦ stresses the capacity of community groups in development that is more sustainable and more appropriate to local socioeconomic and cultural conditions. Political economists tend to stress the resistance of economic, political, and bureaucratic interests in the state to community participation in planning and see the governance reforms as a victory of social movement for local community. † (Shatkin, 2000). Local people need to be more than consulted and involved: for regeneration to be owned by communities it must engage their hearts and minds. Ultimately, if regeneration is not owned by the community, its benefits will not endure (DETR, 1999). The initiative reflects the belief that the ‘bottom up’ approach to regeneration is the key, as opposed to the earlier ‘top down’ approach. Programs instigated by the communities to address their social, economic, and environmental needs are considered a priority (Beswick, 2000a) 2. Social Preferences People’s participation [in the community] is becoming the central issue of our time. The democratic transition in many developing countries, the collapse of many socialist regimes, and the worldwide emergence of people’s organizations: these are all part of an historical change, not just isolated events†¦ [Participation] can become a source of tremendous vitality and innovation for the creation of new and more just societies. — UN Development Program (1993) The recent interest in community participation throughout the world is premised on the perceived benefits that community participation brings to programs in terms of added efficiency, sustainability, and collective community power (Jones, 2003). By promoting community participation, community members can gain more local control and greater influence over their community (Cohen Uphoff, 1980). Researchers studying transformation processes in Central and Eastern Europe have emphasized the political and cultural aspects of the changes since the collapse of communism (Sztompka, 1996, 2006; Lewis, 1997; Elster et al. 1998). â€Å"†¦in ‘real’ places the experienced is conditioned by a range of services in independently provided within a physical, social and cultural environment shaped (in both intended and unintended ways) by past patterns of development, as well as by the presence of visitors arriving independently† (Gordon and Goodall, 2000). The UTF treated the city as a valuable asset and considered ‘urbanism’ as a positively rather than a negatively laden term. Planning for the Communities of the Future’ complemented it by emphasizing the prominent role PDL should have in housing production. Consequently the Urban White Paper ‘Our Towns and Cities: The Future. Delivering an Urban Renaissance’ (DETR, 2000a) and the subsequent Sustainable Communities Plan (ODPM, 2003) tried to grasp the multiplicity of urban problems and solve them through ‘joined-up thinking’ and a ‘holistic’ approach using sustainability as the underlying principle of the new approach. 2. Heritage Cities are cultural entities. The texture of social and economic life in them is defined by their cultural energy or lack of it, and cities all over the world – Glasgow, Barcelona, Seattle – have demonstrated that by changing the way their cultural life is perceived you can change everything about them (Jones, 2000). 1. Resources Conservation in Urban Areas ‘The old city exemplifies the human scale, individuality, care and craftsmanship, richness and diversity that are lacking in the modern plastic, machine-made city with its repetitive components and large scale projects’ (Appleyard, 1979). Historic cities remain familiar in changing environment and provide a sense of place, which Conzen refers to as genius loci. This is one reason for urban conservation, together with the aesthetic, cultural and historical values identified as heritage, and the educational, spatial and townscape values (Larkham, 1996), combined with environmental concerns and economic viability (Lichfield, 1988). Conservation is a reflection and accumulation of values placed upon our traditions and culture. Without it ‘we would all be much poorer, disadvantaged of roots, more uncertain about who we are and who we were’ (Fethi, 1993). Even lived in surroundings are not identified as heritage; ‘people attach considerable value aspects of their immediate environment†¦ which give them a sense of identity and place of pride’ (Butt, 1988). Urban conservation is a political, economic and social concern; and tourism -, image- or fashion-led conservation will only be superficial. Lichfield (1988) describes conservation as action to cope with actual or potential obsolescence. Historical environments serve a social purpose and their loss as irreparable cultural has been demonstrated in post-war rebuilding. Conservation is necessary for society both practically and in the academic sense of the historic knowledge (Whitehand, 1981). 2. 2. 2Culture as the Key to Urban Regeneration In the new millennium, mega cities leaders and opinion-makers have continually emphasized that the future of their metropolis is tied to culture (Shaw and William, 2002). In the case of Montreal, it isn’t the only city to have recognized the value of culture. Toronto has decided to invest heavily in its cultural infrastructure, while New York City has opted to directly support creative endeavors in order to consolidate its reputation as a city of cultural excellence. More than ever before, culture is the beating heart of a city. In a world where cities rather than countries are the real players in a competitive global economy, culture is now widely recognized as a vehicle of economic and urban development (Cowan, 2007). By virtue of its ability to generate a creative environment that attracts the investors and talents of the new knowledge- and innovation-based economy, culture is destined to become increasingly ingrained in the urban fabric. While urban cultural tourism continues to be dominated by the great capitals of culture such as Paris and London, the current trend of improving the cultural offering means even cities previously lacking cultural interest can emerge as new tourist destinations (Doratli et al, 2004). Other cities have opted instead for urban renewal projects aimed at enhancing and improving access to the culture. According to Mershon (2000), Some of these projects are meant to re-energize a heritage district and others to change the vocation of an old quarter, as in the case of the revitalization of Quebec City’s Petit Champlain and Saint-Roch districts. The latter, site of workshops and stores since the founding of New France, is today a thriving mix of historic homes, restaurants, businesses and theatres. Saint-Roch, meanwhile, owes its new lease on life to one of the largest urban construction projects in the provincial capital. The city invested $5. 2 million in the landscaping of Jardin Saint-Roch, a veritable oasis of greenery amidst the greyness of the then-neglected neighborhood. Today the neighborhood is a hot new destination in the heart of the city, boasting trendy restaurants, fashionable watering holes, lovely avant-garde boutiques and more than 100 artists’ studios. Redevelopment can also help structure the urban cultural offering. In Montreal, municipal leaders have been working in partnership with local tourism and cultural sectors since 2003 on development of an arts and entertainment district to be called the â€Å"Quartier des spectacles. † A similar initiative was recently launched by Vancouver, which this past April (in collaboration with British Columbia’s Ministry of Tourism, Sports and Arts) announced a $10-million investment to support creation of a cultural precinct in the heart of downtown. It appears each city must adopt an approach to cultural development tailored to its specific circumstances, history and means. Urban and cultural tourism, for its part, is simply what flows from the existing and constantly evolving dynamics between the inhabitants of urban spaces and those who visit them. City planning, sociology, tourism and ultimately the economy itself appear to be but variables in the same equation: that of living well together (Timur, 2005). CONCLUSION In this study, a descriptive research had been chosen as a type of research. This is because the descriptive research is conducted with the objective to portray an accurate description of events, situations of person (Saunders et al. , 2003). Besides that, descriptive research is also based on some previous understanding of the nature of the problem which is different from exploratory research. As the purpose of descriptive study is to describe characteristics of the population or phenomenon, it does relate with the purpose of this study which is to determined factors influencing Malaysian’s perceptions towards e-ticketing. Furthermore, a collections of quantitative data will also being used to which involves gathering numerical data using structured questionnaires or observation guides to collect primary data from individuals (Hair et al,. 2007). Quantitative data is when measurements which are numbers are being used directly to represent the characteristics of something. Quantitative data collection is chosen because they are recorded through numbers and being form easily into a statistical analysis.

Likely Effects Of Biofuels On Biodiversity An Environmental Sciences Essays

Likely Effects Of Biofuels On Biodiversity An Environmental Sciences Essays Likely Effects Of Biofuels On Biodiversity An Environmental Sciences Essay Likely Effects Of Biofuels On Biodiversity An Environmental Sciences Essay 1st coevals biofuels, the feedstocks are besides used as nutrient harvests and are chiefly used to bring forth biodiesel and bioethanol. These biofuels are straight produced and processed easy from the biofuel harvests or workss such as rapeseed, sunflower, sugar cane, maize etc. The 2nd coevals biofuels are generated from works lignocellulosic stuff. Bioethanol is generated by treating the lignocellulosic works stuff. Many perennial grasses, poplar, willow, forestry, agricultural waste merchandises etc are besides used to bring forth this 2nd coevals biofuels. The 3rd coevals biofuels are produced from algae which might non vie with nutrient harvests, doing it really feasible and more promising to be used. But the 2nd coevals and largely the 3rd coevals is non yet commercially feasible as the engineering is good advance and it is still undergoing development ( Biemans et al. , 2008 ) . This essay will be looking at the likely effects or impact of biofuels on biodiversity viz. the impact on home ground, impact on C segregation, impact on H2O quality and measure, impact of increased chemical usage, and impact of forestry and agricultural waste on biodiversity. This essay will besides briefly expression at a instance survey of biofuel impact in Netherlands. 2. Biofuel likely effects on biodiversity The addition in biofuel demand and usage has lead to several environmental impacts that might ensue in either negative or positive impacts on biodiversity. Biofuels can positively impact as a sustainable renewable beginning of energy, depending on its production technique, and can besides hold a negative impact, depending on the sustainability of its development. Bioefuel has a positive potency for cleaner fuels, and greater possibility for economic growing for rural communities and for husbandmans ( Pimentel and Patzek, 2007 ) . The major impact of biofuel on biodiversity is land-use alteration ( Koh, 2007 ) , and in state of affairs where biofuel will supply major part of planetary energy, this will countervail the possible extenuation of clime alteration due to decrease in green house gas emanation, by infringing extra lands to bring forth biofuel. Biofuel feedstocks picks, cultivation patterns, and the type of land that it is grown on, will find the positive or negative impact on biodiversity ( UNEP, 2008 ) . Impact on Habitat Crops grown in deforested country or degraded lands with decreased dirt cultivated land and agricultural inputs to supply feedstock for biofuel production could potentially impact biodiversity positively by reconstructing home ground and ecosystem map ( Cook and Beyea, 2000 ) . Turning perennial species for biofuel feedstocks besides have positive biodiversity impact than one-year monoculture planting, as some works or harvest rotary motion for biofuel feedstock can be good for some works species, butterfly, birds and some beings etc ( Cook and Beyea, 2000 ) . The most important cause for negative biodiversity impact globally is Habitat loss ( MEA, 2005 ) , and this could happen as a consequence of biofuel feedstocks production replacing other land utilizations, making negative impact on biodiversity. The addition in feedstock production could be affected indirectly taking to extension usage of land, this is seen in the instance where addition in maize monetary values for illustration in US has lead to husbandmans exchanging more land area of land from other harvest land usage to the cultivation of more maize ( Pimentel et al. , 2009 ) or direct extensions of cultivated countries which further additions habitat loss. For illustration, forested countries, peatlands, grasslands and wetland can be encroached for biofuel feedstock production. This can be seen in South-East Asia, where addition in demand for palm oil for the production of biodiesel has lead to a monolithic and extended deforestation, seting force per unit area on designated preservation countries ( Koh, 2007 ) . Besides in Brazil, demands for addition in the production of soy bean and sugar cane for biofuel has lead to monolithic loss of biodiversity in Cerrado and the Amazon rain forest ( Costa et al. , 2007 ) . Impact on Carbon Sequestration Land-use alteration due to biofuel feedstock harvest can besides act upon C dioxide emanation ( Searchinger et al. , 2008 ) . For illustration feedstock plantation for bioenergy on debauched land could increase the segregation of C, extenuating the planetary heating impact due to climate alteration ( Tilman et al. , 2006 ) . However, where big root of the perennial feedstock species for biofuel still remains in the dirt after crop, the sum of C in the dirt might be increased as a consequence of excess C being released from the roots to the dirt. The usage of sustainable agricultural patterns and high diverseness harvest rotary motion systems on debauched land can besides increase C segregation as a consequence of increasing dirt organic affair ( Tilman et al. , 2006 ) . Similarly, biofuels generated from waste and residues merchandises could hold no negative important impact on biodiversity and clime alteration as land usage alteration is non required for the production of the feedstock ( Searchinger et al. , 2008 ) . Biofuel feedstock plantation established on C rich dirt or forested land will greatly negate and out weigh the cleaner fuel from biofuel generated utilizing sustainable production by let go ofing monolithic nursery gases breathing as a consequence of land-use alteration and feedstock production. Procedures affecting drainage of peatlands, wetlands and glade of lands by fire for biofuel feedstock plantation can be destructive with respect to air quality and nursery gas emanations ( Righelato and Spracklen, 2007 ) . For illustration in south-east Asia, due to high demand in palm oil production, peatlands has besides been drained to run into the mark and as a consequence, it has been estimated that up to 100 metric tons of carbon-dioxide are releases in a twelvemonth per hectare and firing the peatlands doubles or three-base hits this value ( Righelato and Spracklen, 2007 ) , negatively impacting both below-ground and above biodiversity. In south-east Asia, United States and Brazil, it has been found through surveies that change overing peatlands, rain forests and grasslands for the plantation of crop-based biofuel feedstocks ( 1st coevals feedstocks ) table.1, creates carbon debt by bring forthing carbon-dioxide 17- 420 times more than the nursery gas one-year decreases derived by replacing dodo fuel usage with biofuels ( Fargione et al, 2008 ) . Water Quality and Quantity Impact Bioenergy harvest productions besides have impacts on H2O quality and handiness. Surveies have shown that biofuel feedstock production most particularly harvest feedstocks or first coevals biofuel feedstocks ( table.1 ) impact H2O resources negatively ( Berndes, 2002 ) . For illustration biofuel harvests like sugar cane, oil thenar, maize etc requires big sum of H2O for its productiveness and other biofuel feedstock harvests with greater water-use productiveness such as coconut and sugar Beta vulgaris can set force per unit area on the H2O tabular array ( Shepard, 2006 ) . There are besides instances of terrible H2O pollution, destructing aquatic life due to increases cultivation and production of biofuel feedstock. In 2007, the planetary nature fund named the Pantanal in Brazil the A ; acirc ; ˆ?threatened lake of the twelvemonth 2007 A ; acirc ; ˆA? due to H2O run outing from soya bean Fieldss, cultivated at the catchments of this lake as a consequence of increased demand and cultivation of biofuel feedstock ( Global Nature Fund, 2007 ) In Malaysia every bit good, Palm Oil Mill Effluent ( POME ) , residue of biofuel processing from palm oil is the major pollutant discharge into the Malayan rivers ( Ahmad et al. , 2006 ) . On the positive note, some of the biofuel feedstock harvests might be used in one of the bioremediation methods or phyto-remediation of contaminated H2O undertakings ( Berndes, 2002 ) . Increase Chemical use Impact on Biodiversity Expansion of lands for the production of biofuel feedstocks with homogenous cropping has lead to the increased usage of chemical applications like pesticides to command plague and besides most particularly more fertilisers to increase the dirt food and feedstock outputs has resulted in the increased emanation of N from dirt which is the major emanation beginning of azotic oxide universe broad ( MEA, 2005 ) . This azotic oxide has really high planetary heating potencies greater than that of carbon-dioxide. The addition usage of fertiliser, if sustainable patterns are non maintained to forestall leaching and eutrophicating foods emanation, can ensue in the increased eutrophication of aquatic and tellurian ecosystem and thereby ensuing to loss of biodiversity ( MEA, 2005 ) . Consequently, utilizing trees and perennial or 2nd coevals biofuel feedstock harvests ( table.1 ) , reduces the application of agrochemicals and as a consequence impacts the environment and biodiversity positively. Invasive Speciess Impact There is besides concern for invasive species debut to the ecosystem due to biofuel feedstock production ( Raghu et al, 2006 ) . Some of the 2nd coevals biofuel feedstock productions such as woody species and grasses ( table.1 ) have invasive species traits which include long canopy period, rapid growing and high H2O usage productiveness. It is feared that these biofuel feedstock harvests if introduced will non merely occupy but will besides displace some autochthonal species ensuing in lessening or loss of biodiversity ( Ragh et al, 2006 ) . For illustration in United States, biofuel feedstock harvests such as Johnson grass ( Sorghum halepense ) , Reed canary grass ( Phalaris arundinacea ) and Giant reed ( Arundo donax ) are already known to be invasive. Impact of Forestry and Agricultural Waste Feedstock on Biodiversity Waste is the 2nd chief beginning of 2nd coevals biofuel feedstock ( table.1 ) . Woody waste feedstock coevals can be harvested straight from forest or sawing Millss. Low C segregation and large-scale biodiversity losingss in woods is due to the remotion of deceasing and dead trees from the wood, as many woodland species live and feed on these waste ( Paul and Ernsting, 2007 ) . For illustration nonvascular plants, Fungis, invertebrates, lichens, beetling etc provender and live on forest dead forests depending on the dead wood volume assortment and grades of decomposition nowadays ( Jonsson et al. , 2005 ; Jonsell et al. , 2007 ) . Dead wood facilitates tremendous assortment of arthropods which attracts higher degrees of many species such as birds. Extraction and glade of this waste will diminish the home grounds of these species and might emphasize the productiveness of the wood. Similarly, remotion of the forestry waste merchandises for biofuel production can impact biodiversity positively by cut downing the hazard of forest fires. The impact of agricultural waste on biodiversity either positive or negative depends on the home ground they are generated from and the waste merchandise. Grass film editings remotion helps protect the profusion of species aided by unfastened home grounds and besides semi-natural grasslands are conserved from natural sequence. Removal of agricultural waste besides prevents the grass land from losing its aesthetic values and assorted ecosystems. Removal of grass or works litters or waste helps diminish the dirt food or organic affair and this enhances the profusion of species in diverse grassland home grounds ( Hansson and Fogelfors, 2000 ) . Consequently, remotion of agricultural waste for illustration straw, leftover from barley and wheat, which is used to increase the dirt organic affair can impact biodiversity negatively as dirt beings will be reduced and this might connote in the addition usage of nitrate fertilisers which has inauspicious consequence or impact on the fresh water and land ecosystem and besides on biodiversity every bit good ( Paul and Ernsting, 2007 ) . 3. Case Study: impact of biofuel production from wood french friess on biodiversity in Netherlands. The Son Heathland and the New Heathland are nature modesty countries in Netherlands with several pools, heathlands and forest dunes covering about 600 hectares ( Biemans et al. , 2008 ) . The municipality of these heathlands uses waste merchandises from these heathlands to bring forth biofuels in order to protect and conserve the heathland ecosystem from turning into a wood ( Biemans et al. , 2008 ) . The heathland ecosystem and its species profusion are sustained by guaranting care of unfastened infinite, as the heathland ecosystem might be taken over by forest if trees were non cut and cleared and used for the processing and coevals of biofuel. Not droping and cutting the trees might do a negative impact on biodiversity as rare species found in the heathland might free their home ground and the necessary ecosystem services needed for their endurances. Similarly, cutting the trees around the heathland ecosystem helps in the natural regeneration of the trees which provides chances for the safety of animate beings and workss. Normally, forestry waste is non removed in some ecosystem to conserve specific species and the ecosystem, but in these sites the Son Heathland and the New Heathland, it is removed for the production of biofuel, which helps to heighten and conserve the heathland ecosystem thereby impacting biodiversity both negatively and positively. 4. Decision The potency for biofuel to function as an energy security to protect and replace dodo fuel due to uninterrupted depletion of the dodo fuel minerals resource and besides its possible to extenuate green house gasses is great. But if sustainable direction ( e.g. for land usage and feedstock picks ) , policies and criterions are non set and implemented for the production of biofuels or bioenergy, the unsustainable practise in the production will do serious negative impact on biodiversity by destructing assorted ecosystem and home grounds. Besides societal impacts can non be ignored every bit good, as biofuel production might and will vie with nutrient harvests production in future, if attention is non taken to sustainable balance its production and will thereby impact the multitudes.

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A place I visited as a child was forced into my memory very recently. This place is known around the world as The World Trade Center of New York City. When news hit of the building’s destruction, vivid memories of my time atop the one hundred ten story building began to reform in my mind. Visualizations, sounds, sense of touch, and even emotional memories zipped through my head like a surge of electricity. It is as if I am there again. The wind struck my face as I stepped onto the roof of the World Trade Center. The air on the street level was hot, but the summer heat was not felt at the elevation of this rooftop. Immediately, the cold wind numbed my face, not from the temperature, but from the force in which the wind pressed on my skin. I walked to my left and placed my hand on the metal railing for support. The railing was cold, so cold that it seemed to affect the functioning of my arm. My entire body was cold now and I was only wearing a short sleeve t-shirt. As I stood on the building the only sound I could hear was of the wind bombarding my eardrum. My dad called me to another side of the roof, I followed. As I approached the railing I realized the wind was no longer blowing directly in my ear, and I began to hear sounds. The echoing of car horns and vehicle motors rose from the street with an enormous rumble. Although I was one hundred and ten stories high, I could hear the many sounds of the city that never sleeps. I peered over the railing and was awestruck by the view that lay in my path of sight, thousands of buildings that seemed to touch the sky. None of those buildings were as high as the Trade Center. Millions of tiny black squares were spotted on the sides of the buildings like holes in a termite mound. It was then that I realized the complexity and quantity of life in New York City. From this height, I could see mi... Free Essays on Expressive Paper Free Essays on Expressive Paper A place I visited as a child was forced into my memory very recently. This place is known around the world as The World Trade Center of New York City. When news hit of the building’s destruction, vivid memories of my time atop the one hundred ten story building began to reform in my mind. Visualizations, sounds, sense of touch, and even emotional memories zipped through my head like a surge of electricity. It is as if I am there again. The wind struck my face as I stepped onto the roof of the World Trade Center. The air on the street level was hot, but the summer heat was not felt at the elevation of this rooftop. Immediately, the cold wind numbed my face, not from the temperature, but from the force in which the wind pressed on my skin. I walked to my left and placed my hand on the metal railing for support. The railing was cold, so cold that it seemed to affect the functioning of my arm. My entire body was cold now and I was only wearing a short sleeve t-shirt. As I stood on the building the only sound I could hear was of the wind bombarding my eardrum. My dad called me to another side of the roof, I followed. As I approached the railing I realized the wind was no longer blowing directly in my ear, and I began to hear sounds. The echoing of car horns and vehicle motors rose from the street with an enormous rumble. Although I was one hundred and ten stories high, I could hear the many sounds of the city that never sleeps. I peered over the railing and was awestruck by the view that lay in my path of sight, thousands of buildings that seemed to touch the sky. None of those buildings were as high as the Trade Center. Millions of tiny black squares were spotted on the sides of the buildings like holes in a termite mound. It was then that I realized the complexity and quantity of life in New York City. From this height, I could see mi...

What's worth preserving-King Kong 2005 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What's worth preserving-King Kong 2005 - Essay Example But paired with a brilliant script and good direction, the maker’s of Kong 2005 knew it was a recipe for success, and not just the box-office kind. No other remake of a fiction film was able to reflect realities or tell truths than the original in such a thrilling and tear-jerking fashion. And truthfully speaking, that’s what really counts. To say that the film took audiences at the edge of their seats is an undeniable understatement. Even without seeing Kong, the scene with the savages is enough to make one suddenly â€Å"goosebumpy†. King Kong then finally arrives and a screech from Ann Darrow confirms the presence of the big beast. And lo, Kong never looked more like a real gorilla. Cheers to science! Thanks to science and the filmmaker’s reference to it that kids watching the movie can easily identify with what their watching. With its massive size, huge fangs, and intimidating bearing, one might think that fear is something that’s instantly instilled in innocent minds as they realize that there are real beings bigger than their parents looking exactly like it. And spectacular as the wrestling scene was with the T-rexes, the big ape is now alone with a human being, â€Å"Is it dinner time?† But then, all fear of the girl being eaten is suddenly gone as they all see that the 50-foot monster is, indeed, the gorilla that they learned in school—it eats plants. And speaking of learning, I remember a story of a friend who shares the same sentiments as I have on the film. He watched the movie with his cousins and their families and their little nephews and nieces watched too. When it came to the particular scene I just mentioned, he laughed quietly as his cousin says to her son, â€Å"See Andre? If you want to be big and strong like King Kong, you have to eat vegetables too.† Again, cheers to science! The film goes on and we realize that Kong of 2005 is more of a gorilla than