Concepts of Database Systems

Concepts of Database SystemsDatabase systemConcepts of database management-3rd edition Philip j.pratt .2000A database is a structure that contains education about many different categories of information and about the kins amid the categories. Premiere products be a distributer of appliances, housewares. The company has used spread sheet software to maintain customer, order, inventory and sales. The premiere products database, for example, go forth contain information about sales, reps, customers, orders and parts. It will similarly provide facts that relate sales reps to the customers they represent and customers to the orders they currently have placed.With the use of database, employees can enclose the flesh of a particular order and find out which customer placed the orders, as well as which parts were ordered.An entity is a person place design event of idea for which you want to store and process data. An attribute is a characteristic or property of an entity. For the e ntity for example the list of attributes might include much(prenominal) things as car colour and size.Rep.Rep. no.Last nameFirst nameStreetCityStateZipCommissionRate sitAttributesAn attribute is also called a field or column in many database systems.A relationship is an association between entities. at that place is an association between reps and customers, for example at premiere products. A rep is associated with all of his or her customers and a customer is associated with its rep.One-to-many relationshipEach rep is associated with many customers, but to each one customer is associated with only one rep. in this type of relationship, the word many is used differently than in everyday English it might not continuously indicate a large a large number. In this context, for example, the many means that a rep can be associated with any number of customers. This is, a given rep can be associated with zero, one, Or more customers.A database is a structure that can store information about multiple types of entities, the attributes of those entities, and the relationship among the entities. A database, however, is much more than a file. Unlike a typical data file, a database can store information about multiple entities. There is also another difference. A database holds information about the relationship among the various entities. Not only will premiere products database have information about reps and customers, it also will hold information relating reps to the customers they service, customers to orders, parts to orders and so on.REDUNDANCYIt is the duplication of data or the storing of the same data in more than one place. In the orders spreadsheet, redundancy occurs in the customer name column because the name of a customer is stored in more than one place.What problems does redundancy cause?It wastes space because you are storing the same data in multiple places. The extra space results in larger spreadsheet that require more space in memory and on mag netic disc and that take longer to save and open.When you need to change data, redundancy also makes your changes more difficult and time consuming.Finally redundancy can lead to conflicts. For eg. If you enter someones name and address in different columns than it will take time to enter and there is chance of making mistakes.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Chromium Complexes

Advantages and Disadvantages of Chromium ComplexesChromium is one of the enactment metal in periodic table that is cognise for its ability in improving ones health condition by preventing diseases and gives treatment. However in human body, tho very small amounts of chromium ar required and they are often regarded as the essential trace divisor in human body.Back in 1950s, the uses of chromium as nutritional and medical enhancement to glucose metabolism was started when brewers yeast was suggested to contain a glucose tolerance factor (GTF) that prevented diabetes in experimental animals. (Schwarz k, Mertz W, 1959). It was only then this factor finally interpreted into consideration to be a biologically active form of trivalent chromium that could substantially trim down the plasma glucose levels in diabetic mice based on studied done by Tuman RW and Doisy RJ in 1977. According to Fernando Guerrero and Martha Rodriguez-Moran, 2005, trivalent chromium (Cr3+) is an essential tra ce element required for the maintenance of normal glucose and fat metabolism. Because chromium potentiates the action of insulin, it was named from its recognition in the late 1950s as the glucose tolerance factor term that emphasizes its wideness in glucose metabolism. Chromium is bring in in many foods, especially in liver-colored, Brewers yeast, American cheese, wheat germ, vegetables much(prenominal) as carrots, potatoes, broccoli, and spinach, and is alike present in alfalfa, brown sugar, molasses, dried beans, nuts, seeds, mushrooms, and animal fats.An organically dynamic typesetters case of chromium takes part in glucose digestion system by improving the impacts of insulin. Insulin is produced by finicky cells in the pancreas in light of increasing seam glucose levels, for example, later onward eating. Insulin binds to insulin receptors on the surface of cells, which actuates the receptors and invigorates glucose uptake by cells. Blood glucose levels are prevented from being elevated when insullin act with insulin receptors whereby insulin will provides cells with glucose. Apart from affecting carbohydrate (glucose) metabolism, metabolism of fat and protein is besides influnced by insulin. Impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes which is also known as non-insulin parasitic diabetes mellitus may occur as the consequences of decrease response to insulin or decreased insulin sensitivity. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by elevated blood glucose levels and insulin resistance.The fine structure of the biologically active form of chromium is non known. Recent research suggests that a low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance (LMWCr) may enhance the response of the insulin receptor to insulin. The spare-time activity is a proposed model for the effect of chromium on insulin action.First, the inactive form of the insulin receptor is converted to the active form by binding insulin. The binding of insulin by the insulin receptor stim ulates the movement of chromium into the cell and results in binding of chromium to apoLMWCr, a form of the LMWCr that lacks chromium. Once it binds chromium, the LMWCr binds to the insulin receptor and enhances its tyrosine kinase activity. The ability of the LMWCr to activate the insulin receptor is dependent on its chromium content. The LMWCr may be released from the cell in order to terminate its effects when insulin levels drop due to normalization of blood glucose levels. More youthful studies bring indicated that chromium enhances insulin action by increasing the insulin-stimulated translocation of glucose conveyors to the cell membrane (Chen G, Liu P, Pattar GR, et al, 2006).Apart from type 2 diabetes, effects of chromium supplementation on gestational diabetes had also been examined. Gestational diabetes occurs in about 2% of pregnant women and usually appears in the second or third trimester of pregnancy. Adverse effects on the maturation fetus must be prevent by tight ly control the blood glucose levels in the body. Glucose tolerance usually turns back to normal after delivery. However, check to study, 30% to 40% of women who have had gestational diabetes develop type 2 diabetes within 5 to 10 years. An observational study in pregnant women did not find serum chromium levels to be associated with measures of glucose tolerance or insulin resistance in late pregnancy, although serum chromium levels may not reflect interweave chromium levels. Women with gestational diabetes whose diets were supplemented with 4 mcg of chromium per kilogram of body weight daily as chromium picolinate for eight weeks had decreased fasting blood glucose and insulin levels compared with those who took a placebo. However, insulin therapy rather than chromium picolinate was required to normalize severely elevated blood glucose levels.Trivalent compounds (Cr III) do not cause any serious equipment casualty to body tissue, in fact, it is an important component of a balance d human and animal diet and its deficiency is detrimental to the glucose and lipid metabolism in mammals. The boundary of chromium in its application in human health is that it may cause different side effect to different person. The controersy surrounding chromium supplementation is due to the variability of the results gain from the evaluation of the effect of chromium in patients with diabetes and without diabetes. Some of them experienced positive improvement but some are only indicate little or no benefit at all. Most of the concerns regarding the long-term safety of chromium supplementation arise from several studies in cell culture, suggesting chromium (III), especially in the form of chromium picolinate, may increase DNA constipation. Several studies have demonstrated the safety of daily doses of up to 1,000 mcg of chromium for several months. However, there have been a few isolated reports of serious adverse reactions to chromium picolinate. Kidney failure was reported fi ve months after a six-week course of 600 mcg of chromium/day in the form of chromium picolinate, while kidney failure and impaired liver function were reported after the use of 1,200-2,400 mcg/day of chromium in the form of chromium picolinate over a period of four to five months. Individuals with pre-existing kidney or liver disease may be at increased risk of adverse effects and should limit supplemental chromium intake. In addition, the use of the supplements of chromium over a prolonged period of time may result in a risk of chromium poisoning. This is due to chromiums nuclear affinity, care to result in its accumulation within cells. High doses of chromium which is about 600-2400 g will makes rare side effects may occur such as damage to the liver, kidney, and bone marrow as well as rhabdomyolysis and psychiatric disturbances in some cases. They have also been related to chromosomal damage and increased incidence of cervical arch defects as they are capable of cleaving DNA.Sim ilar complex coumpound with ChromiumChromium vs vandium and zincApart of chromium, other transition metal that is found to have ability to be used as anti diabetic agent is atomic number 23 and zinc. More than 2 8% of spheres population is suffering from diabetes (Wild et al., 2004). It is a condition in which body do not produce a hormone called insulin which is necessary for the absorption of glucose in cells (Rother, 2007). Scientists are looking for alternative approaches for the treatment of diabetes (Nahas et al., 2009). The glucose level in the blood plasma is controlled by uses of vanadium and zinc in form of inorganic salts. search shows that undesireable side effets often associated with the elements that are poorly absorbed in their organic forms and required high doses.Research has been conducted to prove that vanadium complexes with organic ligands to be less(prenominal) toxic with improved solubility and lipophilicity. Thera are a few number of vanadium complex whi ch posses the insulin-mimetic properties that have been produced. The molecular mechanism responsible for the insulin-like effects of vanadium compounds have been shown to involve the activation of several key components of insulin-signaling pathways. It is interesting that the vanadium effect on these signaling systems is independent of insulin receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity, but it is associated with enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate. Chromium supplementation significantly improved glycemia among patients with diabetes but do not show any significant effect on glucose metabolism in ample individuals. Higher zinc intake has also been associated with a slightly lower risk of type 2 diabetes in women.Besides chromium and vanadium, there is also a strong connection between zinc and insulin. In fact, people with diabetes frequently have lower levels of zinc than those without diabetes. One reason for this is that diabetics tend to have increase d excretion of zinc. Additionally, high blood sugar levels create significant oxidative stress. The use of antioxidants has been shown to help improve oxidation, while also enhancing the bodys response to insulin. Unfortunately, the risk of cardiovascular disease among diabetics is more difficult to address. Coronary heart disease is a major cause of death among people with type 2 diabetes. This, of course, is due in large part to obesity, but also to risk factors such as high blood pressure, high LDL cholesterol levels, and an imbalanced ratio of LDL to HDL cholesterol. Like chromium and vanadium, the body also cant make zinc, so it must be taken from food sources. Zinc is stored in the muscles, blood cells, retina of the eye, skin, bone, kidney, liver, pancreas, and in men, prostate. Interestingly, zinc has long been an ingredient used in older insulins, such as Regular, NPH, and Lente. Zinc is also necessary for the formation of insulin in the pancreass of import cells. For the se reasons, researchers have looked at the role of zinc supplementation in the prevention and treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Research shows that zinc, an essential trace element responsible for over 300 enzyme functions, can aid in normalizing the negative effects of diabetes mellitus. According to the study, zinc has been shown to rationalize the harmful effects of diabetes by improving glycemic control in type I and type II diabetes. Many of the enzyme systems in which zinc is a indispensableness for are involved with the metabolism of blood sugar, and therefore make zinc a natural catalyst for insulin secretion.The pancreas is an endocrine gland responsible for producing hormones like glucagon, somatostatin, and insulin. The beta cells that secrete insulin in the pancreas are also highly stored with zinc. The beta cells will suffer without the high concentrations of zinc. Fortunately, beta cells are equipped with their own special transporter called zinc transporter 8, which mak es it easy for the beta cells to store the zinc. However, it is known that any metamorphosis of the genes in the zinc transporter 8 causes type 2 diabetes. It is also now known that antibodies against the zinc transporter are present in type 1 diabetic patients, which means that these antibodies are associated with type 1 diabetes.It is no wonder why zinc is as popular as it is for supplementation. In addition to mending the difficulties brought on by diabetes, zinc also serves to maintain a healthy immune system, controls hair loss, halts impotence, improves brain function, prevents loss of taste or smell, and much more.ReferencesGuerrero-Romero, F. Rodrguez-Morn, M. (2005). Complementary Therapies for Diabetes The Case for Chromium, Magnesium, and Antioxidants. Archives of Medical Research 36 (3) 250257Massey, P. (2013). Diabetes and the business office of Dietary Supplements. Bioactive Food as Dietary Interventions for Diabetes. pp. 1794.Schwarz K, Mertz W Chromium (III) and the glucose tolerance factor. Arch Biochem Biophys 85 292295, 1959Tuman RW, Doisy RJ Metabolic effects of the glucose tolerance factor (GTF) in normal and genetically diabetic mice. Diabetes 26820826, 1977Vincent JB. Elucidating a biological role for chromium at a molecular level. Acc Chem Res. 200033(7)503-510.Chen G, Liu P, Pattar GR, et al. Chromium activates glucose transporter 4 trafficking and enhances insulin-stimulated glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via a cholesterol-dependent mechanism. Mol Endocrinol. 200620(4)857-870.Pattar GR, Tackett L, Liu P, Elmendorf JS. Chromium picolinate positively influences the glucose transporter system via affecting cholesterol homeostasis in adipocytes cultured under hyperglycemic diabetic conditions. Mutat Res. 2006610(1-2)93-100Wang H, Kruszewski A, Brautigan DL. cellular chromium enhances activation of insulin receptor kinase. Biochemistry. 200544(22)8167-8175.

Making Sense of a Change Management

Making Sense of a Change ManagementChange management is a systematic procession to dealing with stir, both from the perspective of an geological formation and on the individual level. A somewhat ambiguous term, transfigure management has at least three different aspects, including adapting to spay, controlling channelize, and effecting alter. A proactive approach to dealing with change is at the core of all three aspects. For an governance, change management means defining and implementing procedures and/or technologies to deal with changes in the business purlieu and to profit from changing opportunities.Successful adaptation to change is as crucial within an government activity as it is in the natural cognition base. Just like plants and animals, organizations and the individuals in them inevitably encounter changing conditions that they argon power little to control. The more usefully you deal with change, the more likely you are to thrive. Adaptation might involve e stablishing a structured methodology for responding to changes in the business environment (such as a fluctuation in the economy, or a threat from a competitor) or establishing cope mechanisms for responding to changes in the workplace (such as new policies, or technologies).This intelligence review is an attempt to go out the theoretical background for the changes that occur on individual as well as on organisational basis. The book Making Sense of Change Management A complete Guide to the Models, Tools Techniques of Organizational Change pen by Esther Cameron and Mike Green, highlights and explain different theories presented by the renowned businessmen, economists and educationists regarding different changing phenomenon appearing on the horizon of business world. Cameron and Greens objective for piece of music this book is to help their reader understand why change happens, how change happens, and what needs to be done to make change a more take concept by carefully revi ewing a wealth of resources that provide modellings, tools, and techniques of organizational change. Their purpose is non to explain how to plan and then implement a change initiative program. Rather the material presented in this book assist the readers to comprehend the change, its nature, how it can buoy be assessed and related to a particular situation and what type of bulge outcomes can be carved out of the responses received on individual and organizational basis.Introduction of the BookThe book Making Sense of Change Management A complete Guide to the Models, Tools Techniques of Organizational Change is written by Esther Cameron and Mike Green. This book is about devising sense of change management. The world we live in is continuously undergoing rapid changes at an intense prise. Each day dawns with a new invention, with an important breakthrough emerging from almost every field of life. The rate of change and discovery outpaces our potentials to keep up with them. T he organization we work in or rely on to meet our needs and demands are also changing dramatically in terms of their strategies, their structures, their systems refinings, their boundaries and of course their expectations and responses to their stakeholders.This book and its writers Cameron and Green seems to hold the objective of helping their readers understand why change happens, how change happens, and what needs to be done to make change a more welcoming concept by carefully reviewing a wealth of resources that provide models, tools, and techniques of organizational change. Their purpose is not to explain how to plan and then implement a change initiative program instead of this their center is on developing an understanding among their readers. The material in this volume is carefully organized within two parts. man one, of this book is named as The Underpinning Theory and is comprised of first quadruple chapters. Individual change is at the bosom of everything that is ac hieved in organizations. Once individuals do the motivation to do something different, the whole world can begin to changeIndividuals are to some extent governed by the norms of the groups they belong to, and groups are bound together in a whole system of groups of people that interconnect in various habitual ways. So the story is not invariably that simple. Individuals, squads, and organizations all play a part in the process of change, and loss runers have a particularly onerous responsibility that is, making all this happen.Part Two The Applications is comprised of last four chapters (Chapters 5-8) In this Part, having looked at change and change management from three different perspectives (i.e. individual, team, and organization) and the roles, styles, and skills needed to become a self-made leader of change, Cameron and Green apply this encyclopaedism to specific types of change. They claim We have identified four generic change scenarios, and we look at the particular management challenges mired in initiating and implementing each type of change. These change scenarios are structural, mergers and acquisitions, cultural, and IT-based process.Summary of the BookThe very first chapter of the book draws together the key theories of how individuals go by means of change, utilize various models to explore the phenomenon. This chapter aims at providing managers and policy makers an insight and understanding of the change process and how it affects individuals and what strategies can be used to help the people to go through transition or transformation process without bearing a stress.Many of the change scenarios that you find yourself in require you to canvas something new, or to adjust to a new way of operating, or to unlearn something. Buchanan and Huczynski (1985) set attainment as the process of acquiring Knowledge through experience which leads to a change in bearing. Learning is not just an acquisition of knowledge, but the application of it through doing something different in the world. But learning to do something new usually involves a temporary dip (downfall) in the performance. When learning something new we tend to be more focus on that and become conscious of that change in our learning resulting in a change of our behavior. But once we have learnt that skill or has become habitual of that change our attention to that factor decreases and we are less conscious of it in other words we are unconsciously competent on that skill.There are four key schools of thought when considering individual changeThe behaviorist approach is about changing the behaviors of others through reward and punishment. This leads to behavioral analysis and use of reward strategies.The cognitive approach states that the desired results can be achieved through positive reframing or the reinforcement of some desired attitudes. The writers believe that by setting goals and providing guidance and coaching to the employees or the people who are cosmos affected by the change can ease the process of implementation of change. This approach link goal to motivation.The psychodynamic approach is about understanding and relating to the inner world of change. This is especially pregnant when people are going through highly affecting change. This approach treats people as individuals and understand their emotional states.The humanistic psychological science approach in the personal development and growth of the employees by providing them a healthy atmosphere and fair chances to improve their skills to adapt to changing environment.The individuals history, the organizations history, the type of change and the consequence of the change are also key factors in an individuals response to change. Schein identified two competing anxieties in individual change survival of the fittest anxiety versus learning anxiety. Survival anxiety has to be greater than learning anxiety if a change is to happen. He advocated the need for managers t o reduce peoples learning anxiety earlier than their survival anxiety.The individuals in an organization work together sometimes in the form of groups or sometimes in the form of a team. aggroups and groups have been differentiated in this book on the basis of their different characteristics and reasons for existence.Teams are considered more important for the organizations for accomplishing large or complex tasks. There are many types of organizational team, each with their significant benefits and downsides.Teams can be more effective by addressing five elementsTeam kick, planning and goal settingTeam roles and responsibilitiesTeam operating processesTeam interpersonal relationshipsInter-team relationshipsTeams relationships with the management.Teams are not built overnight. It takes time to develop as a team and have goal oriented affiliation among the team members. Tuckmans forming, storming, norming and perform model is useful for understanding the process.The team developm ent process involves different leadership challenges at each stage. This book has made use of Bions work that highlights four possible pitfalls that need to be worked through. These are as followdependencyfight or flightpairingcosinessThe composition of a team is an important factor in determining how it can be successful. According to Belbin well-rounded teams work best. The Myers Briggs profile allows mutual of team members preferences for initiating or adapting to change whereas Belbins team types offer a way of analyzing a teams fitness for purpose and encouraging team members to do something about any significant gaps. The writers insist that the leaders should be aware of the type of team that can best suit the change process and how to manage that for effective and efficient achievement of the desired goals.Organizational behavior and assumptions how things really work are really important in determining the organizational response to change. This book deeply reviews the rang e of models and approaches developed by the significant authors in the field of business and socio-dynamics.The writers state that it is very important for the leaders and the individuals to understand their own assumptions about managing change, in order to challenge them and examine the possibilities offered by different assumptions. Comparisons of assumptions held by the employers and employees are very useful and increased understanding of each others perspective help to reduce frustration.Gareth Morgans work on organizational similes provides a useful way of looking at the range of assumptions that exist about how organizations work. The four most commonly used organizational allegorys areThe machine illustrationThe machine metaphor is deeply ingrained in our ideas about how organizations run. According to it the project management and planning oriented approaches can be used to adopt the change.The political metaphorThe political map of organizational life is recognized as vital key factor to organizational change.The organism metaphorThis model is very prevalent in the human resource world, as it underpins much of the thinking that drove the creation of the HR function in organizations. The organism metaphor views change as a process of adapting to changes in the environment. The focus is on designing interventions to decrease resistance to change, and increase the forces for change.The metaphor of flux and transformationThe metaphor for flux and transformation appears to model the true complexity of how change really happens. If we use this lens to view the organizational life it does not lead to a neat constructione or concise how to approaches.To be an effective manager we need to be flexible and select appropriate models and approaches for particular situations. Some of these models suggested in this book are as followKurt Lewin three tread modelBullock and Battens planned change approachPhilip Kotters eight steps to changeBeckhard and Harris c hange formulaNadler and Tushman Congruence modelWilliam Bridges model for managing the transitionCarnalls change management modelSenge systemic modelStacey and Shaw complex responsive processes.Different metaphors of change lead to different assumptions about what good leaders do. The writers of this book believe that the most effective ideas about change combine a number of metaphors, bringing the supreme benefits and avoiding the pitfalls of blinkered thinking.A popular notion of leadership is of the hero leader who leads from the front with determination, great vision and independence of mind. Bennis distinguished leadership from management and placed long-winded leadership high on the agenda.Heifetz and Laurie and Jean Lipman-Blumen all argue against the need for visionary leadership. They advocate adaptive leadership which is about taking people out of their comfort zones, letting people feel external pressure and exposing conflict. Jean Lipman-Blumen instead emphasizes the n eed for leaders to ensure connectivity.Different metaphors of the change process ask different leadership roles. Senge advocates dispersed leadership, identifying three key types of leaders in an organizational system. If these three roles are in place and are well attached then change will happen naturally. Mary Beth ONeil names four key roles.Thoughts and actions i.e inner and outer leadership are both important for achieving organizational change.According to Kotter the hard work in the earlier stages of change process are vital for the success whereas Rosabeth Moss Kanter suggests that the harder part comes in the middle and the perseverance is necessary for success. Covey lists a set of principles and guidelines to help leaders to develop positive thinking pattern.The writers believe that the leader of change has to be courageous and self aware. He has to choose the right action at the right time and to keep a steady eye on the ball. However the leader cannot make the change happen alone. A team needs to be in place wit well thought out roles, and committed people.In this book the writers have identified four generic change scenarios and has looked at the particular management challenges involved in initiating and implementing each type of change. These change scenarios areStructural changeMergers and acquisitionsCultural changeIT- based change.Restructuring is an ever present phenomenon in todays organizations, though it could be highly unrewarding for those who initiates and those who experience it. But the leader needs to define the new changes with a clear vision and describe the objectives and goals of new structure, roles, and responsibilities, work processes for the individuals, interpersonal relationships in and out of the organization and new organizational and departmental strategies for the successful achievement of goals of organizational change.Mergers and acquisitions are another modern trend iof combating emerging environmental and techn ical changes. There are usually five main reasons for labor a merger or acquyisitionGrowthSynergyDiversificationIntegrationDeal doingWriter have suggested five golden rules for leaders to follow for effective mergers and acquisitions , which are as followcommunicate constantlyget the structure righttackle the cultural issueskeep customers on boarduse a clear overall processCulture is not just about induction programmes, it is everywhere in organizational life. Culture is vitally important for the organization because of its impact on performance. If the culture has to be changed we need to first develop an understanding about how it evolves. Schein (1999) suggests that there are six ways in which culture evolves. Some of these can be influenced by the leader and some cannot.A general ontogeny in which the organization adapt to its environment.A specific evolution of teams and sub-groups within the organization to their different environments.A guided evolution resulting from cultu ral insights on the part of leaders.A guided evolution through encouraging teams to learn from each otherA planned and managed culture change through creation of parallel systems of project oriented task forces.A partial or total cultural destruction through new leadership.The writers suggest guidelines for achieving successful cultural change which is as followAlways link to organizational vision, mission and objectivesCreate a sense of urgency and continually reinforce the need to changeAttend to stake holder issuesBuild on the old and step into the newGenerate enabling mechanisms create a community of focused and flexible leadersInsist on the collective ownership of the change.For having an IT-based change the organization needs to align organizational strategy with IT strategy other wise such changes will cause some major problems for the organization.My opinion about the bookThe book Making Sense of Change Management A complete Guide to the Models, Tools Techniques of Organiza tional Change written by Esther Cameron and Mike Green, is about making sense of change management. The world we live in is continuously undergoing rapid changes at an intense rate. Each day dawns with a new invention, with an important discovery emerging from almost every field of life. The rate of change and discovery outpaces our potentials to keep up with them. The organization we work in or rely on to meet our needs and demands are also changing dramatically in terms of their strategies, their structures, their systems cultures, their boundaries and of course their expectations and responses to their stakeholders.This book and its writers Cameron and Green seems to hold the objective of helping their readers understand why change happens, how change happens, and what needs to be done to make change a more welcoming concept by carefully reviewing a wealth of resources that provide models, tools, and techniques of organizational change. Their purpose is not to explain how to pla n and then implement a change initiative program instead of this their focus is on developing an understanding among their readers. The material in this volume is carefully organized within two parts.This book is a great resource for managers thrown and twisted into the midst of change, who need to gain understanding of what happens when you try to make significant changes in a business, and how best to manage people through it. This book is really helpful for leaders and managers in organizations to make sense of change management, providing insights into different frameworks and describing ways of approaching change at an individual, team, and organizational level. This book can be a guideline for any organization that needs to understand why change happens, how it happens and what needs to be done to make a change a welcome, rather than an unwelcome, visitor. It offers considered insights into the many frameworks, models and ways of approaching change and helps the reader to appl y the right approach to each unique situation. This is a book that lives up to its titleit really does provide a toolkit to make sense of change.Every theory or main concept is accompanied by Stop and Think section where questions are listed to help the reader to reflect about what they have read in that section of the book. They also provide a chance to apply their theoretical knowledge to the real world situation and in this manner way for cognitive and constructive learning is paved.The only thing which seems to be missing from this book is the plate study. If each section or chapter is supplemented with a real world case study, this toolkit will become more effective and sharpen problem solving skills of the readers at one hand and an instant application of their learned skills on the other.Overall its an impressive practical book that will help managers who are looking for ideas rather than instruction. This is theoretically underpinned book on change which recognizes a multip licity of perspectives.

Broken Chain :: essays research papers

In the movie, "Broken Chain", we can easily define the two sides, which are opposing each former(a) one is the six nations and the second is the British Empire. But actually, there is the third perspective in the scene, which I will go over later. There are two main characters in the six nations, one is Joseph Brant and another is Mohahehu. Although Joseph and Mohahehu are best friends, they have different points of view towards the intents of the British Empire. Joseph, who is a look-alike agent and put his own interest the first place in the beginning, tries to establish himself to be an Indian hero and aim the chief and the first Indian commander in a western army in the history, but his ambition ultimately put him into the trap set up by the British. Mohahehu, who is succeeded to become the new chief of the six nations, feeling that something has been wrong from the beginning of helping the British to fight against Indians in Delaware. On the other side, there is Sir William Johnson. He is a man that will do anything to satisfy his interest and at the same time accomplishes the British kings plans. As we can see, he eve married an Indian woman because of the convenience to form a tie with the six nations. As the movie goes along, there are intensions between the Indians and the British constantly. The British always demand the Indians to give help on their problems, but never keep on their promises, such as new settlers were looting Indians land passim the time even when the "chain" was still existed. This fragment in the history, once again supported the basic of the human nature, "Men are born iniquity". At that time, the Europeans were the strongest people on the earth, in terms of firearms and navigation technologies. The Europeans intentions are obvious, that is to expand and take other peoples land and resources (example slaves, land and ore mines).

The Ghost in Kenneth Brannaghs Hamlet Essay -- Shakespeare Hamlet Ess

The Ghost in Kenneth Brannaghs HamletWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet is a drama which has been renound for its content and depiction of characters. Over the years, it has gone done many variations of interpretations and criticisms. One such criticism is the nature of the touch modality who takes the form of Hamlets dead father. At first glance, it may be sufficient to accept the ghost as the spirit of Hamlets dead father who returns to the land of the living in order to have his son avenge his murder. However, looking deeper into the text, several unignorable signs become apparent which lead us to see that the ghost is actually the devil in disguise. Kenneth Brannaghs 1997 production of Hamlet brilliantly portrays these signs of evil and cynicism. The remonstrate had an agenda from the very etymon to cause havoc in the royal family, leading to the downfall of the crown of Denmark. After King Hamlets death, the Devil saw this as its perfect opportunity to beget the first stage of i ts plan. It was aware of Hamlets hatred toward his uncle Claudius, who came between Hamlet and his rightful seat on the throne. It was aware of Hamlets disgust with his mothers incestuous marriage to her brother-in-law. And it was aware of Hamlets despair over losing his father who he dearly loved and admired. In Brannaghs film, we see Francisco (the guard outside the castle walls) startled by the ghost, who motions for his sword. This is the second time the ghost has appeared and the guards are both afraid and confused. They then call upon Horatio, Hamlets dear friend to witness the vision to confirm their fears. When Horatio arrived, the ghost appeared once again in that sporting and warlike form / In which the majesty of buried Denmark / Did ... ...er Claudius. Hamlet goes mad, which is pains Ophelia. Hamlet accidentally kills Polonius out of rage, then Ophelia dies after going mad receivable to the madness of Hamlet and the death of her father. Laretes comes home to find his father dead, later finding out his sister dead, then conspires a plot with Claudius to kill Hamlet. This dual ends in the deaths of Claudius, Larates, Gertrude, Hamlet, and later we find out that Rozencranz and Guildenstern have been killed. The death of King Hamlet began a chain reaction which inevitably leads to the downfall of the royal family of Denmark. The Devil has succeeded in its plan by skillfully choosing Hamlet to carry out its dirty work. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. In The Norton Introduction to Literature. Ed. Carl E. Bain, Jerome Beaty, and J. Paul Hunter. W.W. Norton & Company New York. 1995. (1306-1404).

Comparing Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky :: Educational Psychology, cognitive development

Methods and approaches to teaching have been greatly influenced by the research of Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. Both have contributed to the field of education by offering explanations for baberens cognitive learning styles and abilities. While Piaget and Vygotsky may differ on how they view cognitive development in children, both offer educators good suggestions on how to teach certain squ are in a developmentally appropriate manner.Piaget proposed that cognitive development from infant to young adult occurs in four universal and consecutive stages sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and ballock operations (Woolfolk, A., 2004). Between the ages of zero and two years of age, the child is in the sensorimotor stage. It is during this stage the child experiences his or her own world with the senses and through movement. During the latter part of the sensorimotor stage, the child develops object permanence, which is an finding that an object exists even if it is no n within the field of vision (Woolfolk, A., 2004). The child also begins to understand that his or her actions could cause another action, for example, kicking a mobile to make the mobile move. This is an example of goal-directed behavior. Children in the sensorimotor stage can bend actions, but cannot up to now reverse thinking (Woolfolk, A., 2004).During a childs second and seventh year, he or she is considered to be in the preoperational stage. Piaget stated that during this stage, the child has not insofar mastered the ability of mental operations. The child in the preoperational stage still does not have the ability to think through actions (Woolfolk, A., 2004). Children in this stage are considered to be egocentric, meaning they assume others share their points of view (Woolfolk, A. 2004). Because of egocentricism, children in this stage engage in collective monologues, in which each child is talking, but not interacting with the other children (Woolfolk, A. 2004). Another important aspect of the preoperational stage is the acquisition of the skill of conservation. Children understand that the amount of something remains the same even if its appearance changes (Woolfolk, A., 2004). A child in the preoperational stage would not be able to perform the famous Piagetian conservation problem of liquid and volume, because he or she has not yet developed reversible thinking thinking backward, from the end to the beginning (Woolfolk, A., 33).Concrete operations occurs between the ages of seven to eleven years. Students in the later elementary years, harmonise to Piaget, learn best through hands-on discovery learning, while working with tangible objects.

The Economic Viability of American Agriculture Essay -- Agricultural E

The Economic Viability of American AgricultureHey mom, what is for supper tonight? Oh I dont know son, what do you feel like eating? Well, I think I would really like to eat some steak and mashed potatoes and maybe some green beans but first off we could start with a subtle fresh salad and finish up with a rhubarb pie. That all sounds great son, but unfortunately all we have here is the steak Ill have to go to the store and see what I can find. Later that evening the supper the family had was exactly how the son fateed it to be the steak, potatoes, green beans and the rhubarb pie to top it off. Where do you think all of these products come from? They all can be traced back to the very importance of the worlds agriculture. We sometimes may take for granted that whenever we want a specific product we can just go to the store and purchase it. All we do is buy it and then consume without even opinion of all the hard work and time that went into the making of that specific product. Th is proves how valuable agriculture is to the American population it is basically the sole provider as a food source, no matter what size the develop is. Nowadays farming is starting to become harder and harder for the men and women who call it their jobs. They have less land and less resources to use and they have more mouths to supply. This poses a major question is agriculture still economically viable? Through out the rest of this paper in that respect will be certain points that will be able to prove if agriculture really is economically viable. Such points will include the size of the farm and the types of crops that are grown there. Another point that will be touched on is how well agriculture is publicized and how well the surro... ... same time. As an American attitude, agriculture needs to stay economically viable because of its importance to the human race. BibliograhpySonja Brodt, Gail Feenstra, Robin Kozloff, Karen Klonsky, Laura Tourte, turner-Community Connections and the Future of Ecological Agriculture in California, Agriculture and tender-hearted Values (2006) Vol. 23 Pg. 75-88 Charles A. Francis, Greening of Agriculture for Long-Term Sustainability, Agronomy Journal September-October 2004 Vol. 96 Num. 5 Steven C. Blank, Producers Get Squeezed up the Farming Food Chain A Theory of Crop Portfolio Composition and Land Use, Review of Agricultural Economics Vol. 23 Num. 2 Pg. 404-422 James W. Richardson, David P. Anderson, Edward G. Smith, Can We Save the Traditional Family Farm? Agricultural and Food Policy Center, Department of Agricultural Economics. February 2001.